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The respiration cycle - front view (UEB Contracted)
There are two diagrams on the page, one on the top half and one on the bottom half of the page, and they both show the lungs and other contents of the chest in diagrammatic form. They are separated by a thin dashed line. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The top diagram shows the principle of breathing in. The ribs and intercostal muscles have lifted; the diaphragm is pushing down. This increases the capacity of the chest and air goes in. The bottom diagram shows the principle of breathing out. The ribs and intercostal muscles have moved downwards; the diaphragm has relaxed and moved up. This decreases the capacity of the chest, and air goes out.
The respiration cycle - front view (UEB Uncontracted)
There are two diagrams on the page, one on the top half and one on the bottom half of the page, and they both show the lungs and other contents of the chest in diagrammatic form. They are separated by a thin dashed line. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The top diagram shows the principle of breathing in. The ribs and intercostal muscles have lifted; the diaphragm is pushing down. This increases the capacity of the chest and air goes in. The bottom diagram shows the principle of breathing out. The ribs and intercostal muscles have moved downwards; the diaphragm has relaxed and moved up. This decreases the capacity of the chest, and air goes out.
The respiration cycle - side view (Large Print)
There are two diagrams on the page, one on the top half and one on the bottom half of the page, they both show the lungs and other contents of the chest in diagrammatic form. They are separated by a thin dashed line. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The top diagram shows the principle of breathing in. The rib and sternum have lifted; the diaphragm is pushing down. This increases the capacity of the chest and air goes in. The bottom diagram shows the principle of breathing out. The rib and sternum have moved downwards; the diaphragm has relaxed and moved up. This decreases the capacity of the chest and air goes out.
The respiration cycle - side view (UEB Contracted)
There are two diagrams on the page, one on the top half and one on the bottom half of the page, they both show the lungs and other contents of the chest in diagrammatic form. They are separated by a thin dashed line. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The top diagram shows the principle of breathing in. The rib and sternum have lifted; the diaphragm is pushing down. This increases the capacity of the chest and air goes in. The bottom diagram shows the principle of breathing out. The rib and sternum have moved downwards; the diaphragm has relaxed and moved up. This decreases the capacity of the chest and air goes out.
The respiration cycle - side view (UEB Uncontracted)
There are two diagrams on the page, one on the top half and one on the bottom half of the page, they both show the lungs and other contents of the chest in diagrammatic form. They are separated by a thin dashed line. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The top diagram shows the principle of breathing in. The rib and sternum have lifted; the diaphragm is pushing down. This increases the capacity of the chest and air goes in. The bottom diagram shows the principle of breathing out. The rib and sternum have moved downwards; the diaphragm has relaxed and moved up. This decreases the capacity of the chest and air goes out.
Gaseous exchange in the alveolus (Large Print)
This is an image of gaseous exchange in the alveolus. It is a multi-page image set on two pages, a key and then the diagram page. A locator dot and title are shown on both pages. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Key to gaseous exchange in the alveolus. This page shows the symbols and textures used on the diagram page. A sample of the texture is on the left with its description on the right. Gaseous exchange in the alveolus. This diagram shows the principle of the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveolus in relation to a capillary. The diagram is surrounded by an image border. Air moves in and out of the alveolus through the bronchiole, at the top centre of the diagram. The circular alveolus is in the centre of the diagram. A capillary goes from the left centre of the diagram, around the bottom edge of the alveolus, to the right side. There are circular red blood cells in the capillary. As they move around the alveolus from left to right, carbon dioxide from the red blood cells diffuses into the alveolus, and then oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the red blood cells.
Gaseous exchange in the alveolus (UEB Uncontracted)
This is an image of gaseous exchange in the alveolus. It is a multi-page image set on two pages, a key and then the diagram page. A locator dot and title are shown on both pages. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Key to gaseous exchange in the alveolus. This page shows the symbols and textures used on the diagram page. A sample of the texture is on the left with its description on the right. Gaseous exchange in the alveolus. This diagram shows the principle of the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveolus in relation to a capillary. The diagram is surrounded by an image border. Air moves in and out of the alveolus through the bronchiole, at the top centre of the diagram. The circular alveolus is in the centre of the diagram. A capillary goes from the left centre of the diagram, around the bottom edge of the alveolus, to the right side. There are circular red blood cells in the capillary. As they move around the alveolus from left to right, carbon dioxide from the red blood cells diffuses into the alveolus, and then oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the red blood cells.
Gaseous exchange in the alveolus (UEB Contracted)
This is an image of gaseous exchange in the alveolus. It is a multi-page image set on two pages, a key and then the diagram page. A locator dot and title are shown on both pages. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Key to gaseous exchange in the alveolus. This page shows the symbols and textures used on the diagram page. A sample of the texture is on the left with its description on the right. Gaseous exchange in the alveolus. This diagram shows the principle of the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveolus in relation to a capillary. The diagram is surrounded by an image border. Air moves in and out of the alveolus through the bronchiole, at the top centre of the diagram. The circular alveolus is in the centre of the diagram. A capillary goes from the left centre of the diagram, around the bottom edge of the alveolus, to the right side. There are circular red blood cells in the capillary. As they move around the alveolus from left to right, carbon dioxide from the red blood cells diffuses into the alveolus, and then oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the red blood cells.
Oxygen release to body cells (Large Print)
This is an image of oxygen release to body cells. It is a multi-page image set on two pages, a key and then the diagram page. A locator dot and title are shown on both pages. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Key to oxygen release to body cells. This page shows the symbols and textures used on the diagram page. A sample of the texture is on the left with its description on the right. Oxygen release to body cells. This diagram shows the principle of the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in body cells in relation to a capillary. The diagram is surrounded by an image border. A capillary goes from the bottom left of the diagram up to the top right side. There are circular red blood cells in the capillary. As they move along the capillary from left to right, oxygen from the red blood cell diffuses into the body cells, and then carbon dioxide diffuses from the body cells into the red blood cell.
Oxygen release to body cells (UEB Contracted)
This is an image of oxygen release to body cells. It is a multi-page image set on two pages, a key and then the diagram page. A locator dot and title are shown on both pages. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Key to oxygen release to body cells. This page shows the symbols and textures used on the diagram page. A sample of the texture is on the left with its description on the right. Oxygen release to body cells. This diagram shows the principle of the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in body cells in relation to a capillary. The diagram is surrounded by an image border. A capillary goes from the bottom left of the diagram up to the top right side. There are circular red blood cells in the capillary. As they move along the capillary from left to right, oxygen from the red blood cell diffuses into the body cells, and then carbon dioxide diffuses from the body cells into the red blood cell.
Oxygen release to body cells (UEB Uncontracted)
This is an image of oxygen release to body cells. It is a multi-page image set on two pages, a key and then the diagram page. A locator dot and title are shown on both pages. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Key to oxygen release to body cells. This page shows the symbols and textures used on the diagram page. A sample of the texture is on the left with its description on the right. Oxygen release to body cells. This diagram shows the principle of the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in body cells in relation to a capillary. The diagram is surrounded by an image border. A capillary goes from the bottom left of the diagram up to the top right side. There are circular red blood cells in the capillary. As they move along the capillary from left to right, oxygen from the red blood cell diffuses into the body cells, and then carbon dioxide diffuses from the body cells into the red blood cell.
Arm Bends (Large Print)
by RnibThis page shows the arm, shoulder and two muscles seen from the front. The shoulder is in the top right. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The lower arm goes horizontally to the left centre of the page. Left and right of the vertical humerus bone are muscles. When the biceps (left of the humerus) contracts it pulls on the lower arm so that it moves upwards. The triceps (right of the humerus) relaxes.
Arm Bends (UEB Contracted)
by RnibThis page shows the arm, shoulder and two muscles seen from the front. The shoulder is in the top right. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The lower arm goes horizontally to the left centre of the page. Left and right of the vertical humerus bone are muscles. When the biceps (left of the humerus) contracts it pulls on the lower arm so that it moves upwards. The triceps (right of the humerus) relaxes.
Arm Straightens (Large Print)
by RnibThis page shows the arm, shoulder and two muscles seen from the front. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The shoulder is in the top right. The arm goes down to the bottom left of the page. Left and right of the vertical humerus bone are muscles. When the triceps (right of the humerus) contracts, it pulls on the lower arm so that it moves downwards. The biceps (left of the humerus) relaxes.
Arm Straightens (UEB Uncontracted)
by RnibThis page shows the arm, shoulder and two muscles seen from the front. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The shoulder is in the top right. The arm goes down to the bottom left of the page. Left and right of the vertical humerus bone are muscles. When the triceps (right of the humerus) contracts, it pulls on the lower arm so that it moves downwards. The biceps (left of the humerus) relaxes.
Cross section of a synovial joint (Large Print)
There is a bone at the top of the page, the joint in the centre of the page and another bone at the bottom of the page. The diagram is surrounded by an image border. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The bone in the top part of the page ends in the centre of the page, where it is covered with cartilage. Similarly the bone in the bottom part of the page ends in the centre of the page and is also covered with cartilage. To the left and right a ligament holds the two bones together. There is fluid between the two areas of cartilage which is held in place by a membrane.
Cross section of a synovial joint (UEB Uncontracted)
There is a bone at the top of the page, the joint in the centre of the page and another bone at the bottom of the page. The diagram is surrounded by an image border. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The bone in the top part of the page ends in the centre of the page, where it is covered with cartilage. Similarly the bone in the bottom part of the page ends in the centre of the page and is also covered with cartilage. To the left and right a ligament holds the two bones together. There is fluid between the two areas of cartilage which is held in place by a membrane.
Cross section of a synovial joint (UEB Contracted)
There is a bone at the top of the page, the joint in the centre of the page and another bone at the bottom of the page. The diagram is surrounded by an image border. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The bone in the top part of the page ends in the centre of the page, where it is covered with cartilage. Similarly the bone in the bottom part of the page ends in the centre of the page and is also covered with cartilage. To the left and right a ligament holds the two bones together. There is fluid between the two areas of cartilage which is held in place by a membrane.
Cross section of a ball and socket joint (Large Print)
The hip socket is in the top left of the page and the ball of the femur is in the centre of the page. The diagram is surrounded by an image border. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The upper end of the femur is in the bottom right of the page. It leads up to the femoral head which connects to the ball of the joint. The joint has a ligament holding the two bones together to the upper right and lower left of the page.
Cross section of a ball and socket joint (UEB Uncontracted)
The hip socket is in the top left of the page and the ball of the femur is in the centre of the page. The diagram is surrounded by an image border. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The upper end of the femur is in the bottom right of the page. It leads up to the femoral head which connects to the ball of the joint. The joint has a ligament holding the two bones together to the upper right and lower left of the page.
Cross section of a ball and socket joint (UEB Contracted)
The hip socket is in the top left of the page and the ball of the femur is in the centre of the page. The diagram is surrounded by an image border. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The upper end of the femur is in the bottom right of the page. It leads up to the femoral head which connects to the ball of the joint. The joint has a ligament holding the two bones together to the upper right and lower left of the page.
Structure of a long bone (Large Print)
This page has two images of a long bone (human thigh bone) with the hip end at the top of the page, and the knee end at the bottom of the page. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The image on the left is a cross section, and the image on the right is the external appearance. The image on the left shows the internal structure and contents of the bone. It is like a tube with hard, strong bone forming the wall of the tube. Each end is filled with a lighter bone which is not quite as strong. The middle is filled with the soft marrow. Both images show the cartilage at the ends which make the joint smooth.
Structure of a long bone (UEB Contracted)
This page has two images of a long bone (human thigh bone) with the hip end at the top of the page, and the knee end at the bottom of the page. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The image on the left is a cross section, and the image on the right is the external appearance. The image on the left shows the internal structure and contents of the bone. It is like a tube with hard, strong bone forming the wall of the tube. Each end is filled with a lighter bone which is not quite as strong. The middle is filled with the soft marrow. Both images show the cartilage at the ends which make the joint smooth.
Structure of a long bone (UEB Uncontracted)
This page has two images of a long bone (human thigh bone) with the hip end at the top of the page, and the knee end at the bottom of the page. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The image on the left is a cross section, and the image on the right is the external appearance. The image on the left shows the internal structure and contents of the bone. It is like a tube with hard, strong bone forming the wall of the tube. Each end is filled with a lighter bone which is not quite as strong. The middle is filled with the soft marrow. Both images show the cartilage at the ends which make the joint smooth.
Factors affecting climate (Large Print)
There are two diagrams of the Earth on this page; one is at the top of the page and the other at the bottom. Each has a dashed line image border. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Winter: In the top diagram, to the left of the page, there is a textured disc representing the Earth, with a ring of another texture showing the atmosphere surrounding it. On the top right part of the Earth there are two heavy lines showing the area of the Earth's surface heated by the sun's rays, which are represented by two textured bars extending to the right. This shows how, in northerly areas in winter, the sun's rays are spread out more and have to travel further through the atmosphere. These factors, together with shorter winter days and increased reflection of the sun's energy back into space, all have the effect of reducing the amount of energy available for heating the surface of the Earth. A heavy dashed line showing the Equator goes across at an angle halfway up the disc. The Earth's axis is shown at its top and bottom by short heavy lines. To the right of these are four descriptive labels. Summre: In the diagram at the bottom of the page there are descriptive labels to the left. To the right of the page, there is a textured disc representing the Earth, with a ring of another texture showing the atmosphere surrounding it. On the top left part of the Earth there are two heavy lines showing the area of the Earth's surface heated by the sun's rays, which are represented by two textured bars extending to the left. This shows how, in northerly areas in summer, the sun's rays are spread out less and have to travel a shorter distance through the atmosphere. These factors, together with longer summer days and decreased reflection of the sun's energy back into space, all have the effect of increasing the amount of energy available for heating the surface of the Earth. A heavy dashed line showing the Equator goes across at an angle halfway up the disc. The Earth's axis is shown at its top and bottom by short heavy lines.