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Research Handbook on Torture: Legal and Medical Perspectives on Prohibition and Prevention (Research Handbooks in Human Rights series)
This Research Handbook is of great importance in an era where torture, whilst universally condemned, remains endemic. It explores the nature of the international prohibition of torture and the various means and mechanisms which have been put in place by the international community in an attempt to make that prohibition a reality. Edited by Chairs of the UN Committee against Torture and of the UN Subcommittee for Prevention of Torture, this Research Handbook considers both the legal and medical dimensions of torture, as well as societal and philosophical perspectives. Contributions from experts with personal experience of working with torture victims and survivors in medical, legal and political settings survey practice within the UN and regional human rights systems, international criminal and domestic legal settings, and in medical and rehabilitative contexts. These expert perspectives combine to offer a unique range of insights into the realities of tackling torture in the contemporary world. Critical and timely, the Research Handbook on Torture will prove compulsive reading for students and scholars of human rights. Its practical dimension will also engage practitioners in the field, as well as legal and medical professionals working on torture-related issues.
Research Handbook on Trademark Law Reform (Research Handbooks in Intellectual Property series)
This follow-up to Graeme B. Dinwoodie and Mark D. Janis’s successful book Trademark Law and Theory examines reform of trademark law from a number of perspectives and across many jurisdictions. In so doing, it analyses the most important current and future issues in the field, both providing normative frameworks for the development of trademark law and concrete proposals for reform. This Research Handbook is organized into three thematic parts discussing different areas of reform: the trademark registration process; subject matter boundaries and trademark protectability; and trademark scope and enforcement. Leading trademark law scholars from across the globe investigate important topics such as intermediary liability, trademark protection for product design, conceptions of the hypothetical “average consumer”, and trademark depletion and congestion. Scholars and students of intellectual property law will find the provocative and insightful thinking in this Research Handbook stimulating and valuable. The practical suggestions for future reform will also be of interest to trademark lawyers, policymakers, brand managers and other marketing professionals.
Research Handbook on Transitional Justice (Research Handbooks in International Law series)
Providing a refreshing take on transitional justice, this thoroughly revised second edition brings together an expanse of scholarly expertise to reconsider how societies deal with gross human rights violations, structural injustices and mass violence. Contextualised by historical developments, it covers a diverse range of concepts, actors and mechanisms of transitional justice, while shedding light on the new and emerging areas in the field.Wholly engaging with the field's upward trajectory, this Handbook explores important new ground on existing issues of transitional justice, including masculinities, witnesses and the role of archives. This updated edition also engages with newly evolving areas of study, such as counter-terrorism, climate change, colonialism and non-paradigmatic transitions.With theoretical and empirical contributions from a rich array of world leading practitioners and scholars, this cutting-edge second edition Research Handbook is an invaluable academic resource for students and researchers of sociology, transitional justice, criminal law and human rights law. With expertly written chapters it also provides practitioners with a consolidated overview of the latest scholarship and analysis of legal and policy developments.
Research Handbook on Transnational Environmental Law (Research Handbooks in Environmental Law series)
This illuminating Research Handbook offers a detailed overview and critical discussion of the key themes and perspectives that characterize the burgeoning research area of transnational environmental law. It analyzes important sectors at the forefront of the field, including climate change and biodiversity. Interdisciplinary and comprehensive, this Research Handbook provides stimulating and provocative discussions on transnational legal phenomena and the ways in which we can unpack their complexities. Bringing together varied perspectives from both leading and emerging scholars from around the world, chapters deliver methodological and conceptual frameworks for future research, whilst providing an original view on this emerging field of law. Contributors also pay special attention to the engagement of the field with multilevel governance and the involvement of non-state actors in legislative, regulatory and adjudicative processes. Offering an accessible and broad-ranging guide to the field’s major themes and research strategies, the Research Handbook on Transnational Environmental Law will be an indispensable resource to scholars, students and practitioners in environmental and transnational law and social sciences seeking to understand the contributions of a transnational approach to environmental law.
Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions (Research Handbooks in International Law series)
Providing a unique analytical framework to capture a diverse, fragmented and highly evolving practice, the Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions is the key original reference work covering how sanctions have indisputably become central instruments of foreign policy.This discerning Research Handbook combines a series of case studies and cross-cutting analyses. It reflects the levers and evolution of international law and practice in the field, as well as covering important topics over multiple disciplines, particularly in international law and international relations. Featuring diverse contributions from a selection of esteemed scholars, the Research Handbook provide an unprecedented analysis of the evolution of diplomatic, legal and business practices and tackle topical legal issues arising from unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions.Offering a unique panorama of contemporary practice, this 360-degree study will be of interest to legal academics and their students as well as practitioners in both the public and private sectors.
Research Integrity: Best Practices for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
The primary goal of science is to "get it right," meaning that scientists seek to accurately document the world as it is. While erroneous conclusions and flawed theories can and do occur, they can only be tolerated as long as reliable mechanisms of self-correction exist, but an array of recent evidence suggests that this is not always the case. This book offers a behavioral science perspective on how scientific practice becomes compromised and provides recommendations for improvement. Broadening the discussion of research integrity beyond replication, publication biases, statistics, and methods, this book addresses the full complexity of the issue and serves academics and policy makers concerned with the reliability and validity of scientific findings across the social sciences. It tackles challenges presented by published reports and textbooks, addresses the ways that institutional review boards (IRBs) can influence the course of research, and discusses the weaknesses of meta-analysis, which is often recommended as a possible corrective measure for suboptimal scientific practice. The book concludes with an organizing framework to investigate how scientists' behaviors can impact the reliability and validity of scientific research.
Research Methods in Health Humanities
Research Methods in Health Humanities surveys the diverse and unique research methods used by scholars in the growing, transdisciplinary field of health humanities. Appropriate for advanced undergraduates, but rich enough to engage more seasoned students and scholars, this volume is an essential teaching and reference tool for health humanities teachers and scholars. Health humanities is a field committed to social justice and to applying expertise to real world concerns, creating research that translates to participants and communities in meaningful and useful ways. The chapters in this field-defining volume reflect these values by examining the human aspects of health and health care that are critical, reflective, textual, contextual, qualitative, and quantitative. Divided into four sections, the volume demonstrates how to conduct research on texts, contexts, people, and programs. Readers will find research methods from traditional disciplines adapted to health humanities work, such as close reading of diverse texts, archival research, ethnography, interviews, and surveys. The book also features transdisciplinary methods unique to the health humanities, such as health and social justice studies, digital health humanities, and community dialogues. Each chapter provides learning objectives, step-by-step instructions, resources, and exercises, with illustrations of the method provided by the authors' own research. An invaluable tool in learning, curricular development, and research design, this volume provides a grounding in the traditions of the humanities, fine arts, and social sciences for students considering health care careers, but also provides useful tools of inquiry for everyone, as we are all future patients and future caregivers of a loved one.
Research Methods in International Law: A Handbook (Handbooks of Research Methods in Law series)
This timely Handbook contains a wide-ranging overview of the diverse research methods used within international law. Providing an insightful examination of how international legal knowledge is analysed and adopted, this Handbook offers the reader a deeper understanding on the role and place of research methods in international legal theory, reasoning and practice.Split into five parts, the chapters cover key topics across doctrinal, empirical, socio-legal, interdisciplinary research methods and methodology. The contributors also apply their knowledge and insight to explore the relationship between different research methods and their role in international legal theory, reasoning and practice. Covering a range of diverse subjects yet written in a methodical style, the contributors furthermore engage with rethinking international law methods.This comprehensive Handbook will be invaluable for researchers in international law, as well as being an excellent resource for graduate and doctoral students.
Researching Public Law in Common Law Systems (Elgar Studies in Legal Research Methods)
This original book fills a significant gap in legal literature by providing an exploration of research methodologies in public law, a field of research in which research methods are becoming increasingly prominent and sophisticated. Featuring thoughtful chapters written by leading scholars in the field, this book provides a thorough explanation of the key features, characteristics, and challenges of distinct methodological approaches to public law research. Divided into four broad categories; traditional, institutional, technical and critical, chapters cover a wide range of approaches, from doctrinal and interpretive methods to empirical, socio-legal, and Marxist approaches. The book promotes critical reflection on many of the most common methodological approaches and aims to demystify research methodologies in public law for new scholars and interdisciplinary researchers alike.Researching Public Law in Common Law Systems will be essential reading for academics and students in public law, suitable for advanced scholars and those who are new to the field. It will also be relevant to those with an interest in empirical methods, legal methods, and research methodologies more broadly in the social sciences.
Resilience in Energy, Infrastructure, and Natural Resources Law: Examining Legal Pathways for Sustainability in Times of Disruption
The number of severe and sometimes catastrophic disruptive events has been rapidly increasing. Extreme weather events including floods, wildfires, hurricanes, and other natural disasters have become both more frequent and more severe, whilst events such as the COVID-19 pandemic represent a global threat to public health with huge economic effects that recovery packages tried to address. These disruptive events, alone and in combination, have dramatic consequences on nature, human life, and the economy, calling for urgent action to mitigate their causes and adapt to their impacts. In response to discourses of collapsology and end-of-growth theories, this monograph offers an analytical approach to developing legal responses that can help ensure the needs of present and future generations can be met through energy systems, infrastructure development, and natural resources management in these times of disruption. 'Resilience' is, therefore, seen as a common framework for the interpretation and development of energy, infrastructure, and natural resources law. With a mix of thematic chapters and case studies from multiple jurisdictions, Resilience in Energy, Infrastructure, and Natural Resources Law maps and assesses legal responses to disruptive nature-based events, and examines possible legal pathways for more sustainable outcomes, based on its engagement with this concept of 'resilience' and social-ecological thinking.
Respect: Philosophical Essays
Respect plays a prominent role in contemporary moral philosophy, as well as our every-day moral thought. Ordinary discussion about morality is often framed in terms of demands for respect or complaints about being disrespected, yet basic questions about the concept and role of respect are frequently overlooked. Here, leading philosophers present their latest ideas and fresh perspectives to point research on the topic in new directions. Following an introduction to the historical rise of respect as a central concept in moral discourse, Part I addresses the fundamental questions of what respect is; its nature and basis. Part II then examines questions in moral theory, for example what exactly ought to be respected, what role respect plays in morality, and which different types of respect are appropriate and morally significant. Part III concludes with the practical application of requirements of respect, with implications for significant moral issues of our time including environmental ethics, social justice, disability, bioethics, and more.
Responsibility and Healthcare
This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. This edited collection brings together world-leading authors writing about a wide range of issues related to responsibility and healthcare, and from a variety of perspectives. Alongside a comprehensive introduction by the editors outlining the scope of the relevant debates, the volume contains 14 chapters, split into four sections. This volume pushes forward a number of important debates on responsibility and its role in contemporary healthcare. The first and second groups of chapters focus, respectively, on (a) the potential justification and (b) nature of 'responsibility-sensitive' policies in healthcare provision; in other words, policies that would hold some patients responsible for their ill health via differences in treatment. These sections include empirically-informed work on public opinion, chapters linking responsibility in healthcare with ongoing debates around criminal responsibility, and new conceptual and theoretical work on the details of responsibility-sensitive policies. The third set of chapters turns in a more detailed way to the issues of whether, and how, we can be responsible for our health, presenting novel challenges and questions for those who would advocate responsibility-sensitive policies in healthcare. Finally, questions of responsibility in medicine do not end with those receiving treatment. The fourth group of chapters broadens the volume's focus to think about responsibility of individuals other than patients, including medical professionals and policymakers, including specific consideration of the role of responsibility during pandemics.
Responsible Marketing for Well-being and Society: A Research Companion (Routledge Research Companions in Business and Economics)
This book provides an overview of recent and current research which defines and scopes the field of responsible marketing in one single edited book. It brings together diverse perspectives from contributors at Birmingham University, leading the academic development of knowledge of the subject, to contribute to the learning curriculum and reach out to those interested in improving marketing practices and standards. Responsible Marketing for Well-being and Society draws together a rich and diverse body of scholarly research from a variety of perspectives from individual to global, macro and micro, producer and consumer, environmental, stakeholder, supply chain, and other intermediary viewpoints. The embryonic research in this field involves different philosophical and methodological positions, theoretical approaches, and research communities including aspects of corporate social responsibility, marketing ethics, critical marketing, consumer culture theory, and macromarketing.The book takes a predominantly organisational or enterprise-level perspective in order to understand and explain how individuals and organisations can manage their marketing activities and relationships responsibly. The actions of other stakeholders are also a crucial component in achieving responsible outcomes; therefore, a broader perspective on the impacts of marketing decisions and actions on other stakeholders, such as consumers, employees, the environment, and society, is also taken as a basis for analysis and discussion. The book provides an authoritative overview for the academic market, including university libraries, research teams, PhD students, and independent researchers.The topics and contents of responsible marketing are relevant to several disciplinary fields of study including, marketing, advertising, retailing and other business subjects, consumer studies, sustainability, ethics, public policy, media studies, psychology, economics, and other social sciences.
The Restatement and Beyond: The Past, Present, and Future of U.S. Foreign Relations Law
Reflecting on the Fourth Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law, these essays provide a comprehensive survey of the most significant issues in contemporary U.S. foreign relations law. They review the context and assumptions on which that work relied, critique its analysis and conclusions, and explore topics left out of the published work that need research and development. Collectively the essays provide an authoritative study of the issues generating controversy today as well as those most likely to emerge in the coming decade. The book is organized in three parts. The first provides a historical context for the law of foreign relations from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present. The second and largest part looks at contested issues in foreign relations law today, from the status of international law as federal domestic law to presidential authority to make, unmake, and apply international agreements; and to the immunity of international organizations and foreign government officials from domestic lawsuits. The last part considers how foreign relations law might develop in the future as well as the difficulties raised by using the Restatement process as a way of contributing to the law's development. These essays for the most part concentrate on U.S. law, but the problems they face are common to all democratic republics that seek to reconcile international relations with the rule of law.
Restitution and Banking Law
Restitution and Banking Law, written by leading practitioners and commentators, combines their experience in the field of restitution law and banking law to discuss major issues.
Restructuring Plans, Creditor Schemes, and other Restructuring Tools
This timely new work provides the most comprehensive coverage of debt restructuring tools available in the UK including analysis of the new restructuring plan under Part 26A of the Companies Act 2006 and emerging themes from related precedent case law. The book is the first of its kind to provide a comprehensive analysis of the new restructuring plan. Part A explains the law and practical application of the main types of creditor schemes of arrangement and restructuring plans in the UK. It analyses the tools available to market participants and other key stakeholders by reference to the capital structures most commonly seen in middle market and top tier European financings. Part B provides a comparative analysis between company voluntary arrangements (including recent case law) and schemes and restructuring plans to enhance the reader's understanding of the implications of the various tools available. Part C covers administration and receivership sales and appropriations under the Financial Collateral Arrangements Regulations for private and public companies, written from the perspective of a practitioner with practical issues in mind. The primary subject matters of the book are complemented by chapters analysing the “distressed disposals” regime in the Loan Market Association form of Intercreditor Agreement, liability management transactions under high yields nots/bonds, and scheme/restructuring plan-related pensions issues. This work is essential reading for all insolvency and debt finance lawyers advising on financial restructurings in the UK and Ireland. It provides practitioners involved in “new money” lending with a greater understanding of the consequences that transaction structuring and commonly negotiated features (e.g, debt incurrence regimes and other covenants, controls, and carve-outs) may have in a workout scenario.
Rethinking Disability and Human Rights: Participation, Equality and Citizenship (Interdisciplinary Disability Studies)
This book examines the role of disability in the right to political and social participation, an act of citizenship that many disabled people do not enjoy.The disability rights movement does not accept the use of disability to create limits on citizenship, which poses challenges for contemporary societies that will become ever greater as the science and technology of enhancing human abilities evolves. Comprised of eight chapters, three interludes, and a postscript written by leading scholars and disability rights activists, the book explores citizenship for people with disabilities from an interdisciplinary perspective using the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) as a point of departure and the concept of universal design as a strategy for actualizing full citizenship for all. Situating disability in its historical and cultural contexts, the authors offer directions for rethinking citizenship, including implications for access to the built environment, information and communication systems, education, work, community life and politics.This book will be of interest to all scholars and students working in disability studies, planning, architecture, public health, rehabilitation, social work, and education.
Rethinking Food System Transformation
This book contains a collection of selected papers from the 2017 Farm-to-Plate: Uniting for a Just and Sustainable Food System conference in Ithaca, New York, which explored what different advocates, stakeholders, growers, and community members today prioritize when it comes to justice, action, and transformation in the agri-food system. The research presented at this symposium shows the diverse range of approaches scientists have taken to investigate this aforementioned question. The papers represent a combined effort to creatively educate, share, and connect work being done by stakeholders on food system transformation. Previously published in Agriculture and Human Values Volume 36, issue 4, December 2019
Rethinking Investment Law
There is no denying that the rules and enforcement mechanisms of investment law and arbitration reach deep into the regulatory and policy space of host states. Investment tribunals have the ability to second-guess all variety of state measures and, in doing so, have displayed a remarkable lack of restraint. Despite investment law's muscularity, without equal in international law, the prevailing orthodoxy treats investment law as a defensible and just restraint on government and politics. This volume helps to correct the prevailing view. Rethinking Investment Law illustrates how investment law protections for foreign investors constrains states and over-compensates investors. It offers a more balanced vision of how international law can protect all those affected, not just foreign investors. An expert set of contributors explain both the conventional law and its limitations. Their analysis shows that doctrines, now widely entrenched, in orthodox accounts of investment law could have taken, and could still take, a different turn. They offer a more respectful approach to states' roles and responsibilities to enact laws in the public interest. This text will be an illuminating read for students and academics in areas such as investment law and international economic law. It provides cutting-edge analysis for researchers, practitioners, and students seeking to understand and question the usual standards of treatment under investment treaties.
Rethinking Moral Status
Common-sense morality implicitly assumes that reasonably clear distinctions can be drawn between the "full" moral status that is usually attributed to ordinary adult humans, the partial moral status attributed to non-human animals, and the absence of moral status, which is usually ascribed to machines and other artifacts. These implicit assumptions have long been challenged, and are now coming under further scrutiny as there are beings we have recently become able to create, as well as beings that we may soon be able to create, which blur the distinctions between human, non-human animal, and non-biological beings. These beings include non-human chimeras, cyborgs, human brain organoids, post-humans, and human minds that have been uploaded into computers and onto the internet and artificial intelligence. It is far from clear what moral status we should attribute to any of these beings. There are a number of ways we could respond to the new challenges these technological developments raise: we might revise our ordinary assumptions about what is needed for a being to possess full moral status, or reject the assumption that there is a sharp distinction between full and partial moral status. This volume explores such responses, and provides a forum for philosophical reflection about ordinary presuppositions and intuitions about moral status.
Rethinking Participation in Global Governance: Voice and Influence after Stakeholder Reforms in Global Finance and Health (Law and Global Governance)
International organizations and other global governance bodies often make rules and decisions without input from many of the individuals, groups, firms, and governments that are affected by them. The standards of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, for instance, developed by a small number of states, govern financial markets and the safety of bank deposits in over a hundred jurisdictions. Historically, the interests of developing countries, as well as non-commercial and diffuse interests within countries, have been excluded or disregarded in global governance. Scholars and practitioners have criticised this democratic deficit and called for greater participation of such marginalized stakeholders. Against this background, international institutions have introduced a variety of reforms with the goal of increasing and facilitating the participation of these excluded stakeholders. This book brings together an expert group of scholars and practitioners to investigate the consequences of stakeholder participation reforms in the global governance of health and finance: What reforms have been introduced? Have these reforms given previously marginalized stakeholders a voice in global governance bodies? What effect have these reforms had on the legitimacy and effectiveness of global governance? To answer these questions, the book examines treaty-based intergovernmental organizations alongside newer forms of global governance such as trans-governmental regulatory networks, multi-stakeholder partnerships, and private standard setting bodies. Through a series of paired comparative analyses, the book provides insights into the experiences of large emerging and smaller or lower income developing countries (Brazil v. Argentina, China v. Vietnam, India v. the Philippines) in a diverse set of organizations, including the World Bank and the World Health Organization, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the International Accounting Standards Board, Codex Alimentarius Commission and more.
Rethinking Politeness with Henri Bergson (Oxford Studies in the Anthropology of Language)
In 1885, Henri Bergson addressed a class of French high school students on the subject of politeness. Bergson would go on to become one of the most influential philosophers of his time, yet although this essay set forth a striking theory of politeness and foreshadowed aspects of his later work, it remains remarkably little-known. Rethinking Politeness with Henri Bergson offers the first English translation of Discours sur la Politesse, and brings together leading linguistic anthropologists to critically engage with and expand on Bergson's ideas. At the core of Bergson's essay is a tripartite classification of politeness acts into politesse des manières ("politeness of manners"), politesse de l'esprit ("politeness of mind/spirit"), and politesse du coeur ("politeness of the heart"). Presented along a hierarchy of intersubjective attunement and ethical aspirations, Bergson's three types call for the progressive abandonment of habits when they get in the way of our ability to help others. They can also be read as an invitation to consider politeness as a dimension of human sociability that is relevant to social theory. Collectively, the essays in this volume untangle the ideological, socio-historical, and material conditions that shape notions of the ideal social agent, and propose a rethinking of politeness that serves as a bridge to larger issues of civility, citizenship, and democracy.
Rethinking, Repackaging, and Rescuing World Trade Law in the Post-Pandemic Era (Studies in International Trade and Investment Law)
This book explores the ways to 'rethink', 'repackage' and 'rescue' world trade law in the post-COVID-19 era. Using the COVID-19 pandemic as an important context, the book makes original and critical contributions to the growing debate over a range of emerging challenges and systemic issues that might change the landscape of world trade law in the years to come. The book asks: do these unprecedented times and challenges call for reengineering the world trading system and a further retreat from trade liberalisation?The authors offer a rigorous and insightful analysis of whether and how the existing trade institutions and/or rules, including their latest developments, may provide room to deal with pandemic-induced trade-related issues, sustainable development goals, future crises and other existential threats to the multilateral trading system.The book reinforces the importance of international cooperation and the pressing need to reinvigorate the world trading system. The pandemic has provided a unique opportunity for governments to rebuild the political will needed for such cooperation. One should never let a serious crisis go to waste.
return – Jahrgang 2022: Transformation und Turnaround in Unternehmen
Das Jahrbuch der return bündelt alle Ausgaben der Zeitschrift aus 2022 in einem Band.Der Anspruch lautet: Aufklärung statt Aussichtslosigkeit. Denn das Magazin für Transformation und Turnaround widmet sich vorbildlicher Unternehmensführung in erfolgreichen Anpassungsprozessen bis hin zu bewältigten Krisen.Dafür berichtet return praxisnah, wie Unternehmenslenker den Wandel rechtzeitig vollziehen oder die Wende frühzeitig einleiten. Unternehmer, Berater, Forscher und Journalisten berichten anhand von konkreten Beispielen über Best Practice. Leser mit Management-Aufgaben erhalten zudem Wissen zu wichtigen betriebswirtschaftlichen, juristischen und steuerlichen Themen.Nutzwert, Orientierung und Inspiration vereinen die Inhalte zur Stärkung von Unternehmern und eröffnen damit neue Blickwinkel auf Chancen und Risiken. Das Management-Magazin richtet sich vor allem an Inhaber, Vorstände, Geschäftsführer, Berater, Prüfer, Wirtschaftsjuristen, Insolvenzverwalter und Finanzdienstleister.
Revisiting Judicial Politics in the European Union
Addressing the tensions between the political and the legal dimension of European integration as well as intra-institutional dynamics, this insightful book navigates the complex topic of judicial politics. Providing an overview of key topics in the current debate and including an introductory chapter on different conceptions of judicial politics, experts in law and politics interrogate the broader political role of the European Court of Justice.Revisiting Judicial Politics in the European Union explores the variety of interactions between legal and political actors across sensitive policy fields, as well as different ways in which legal institutions engage with political or moral norms. Chapters discuss institutional balance in the EU, the role of judges and experts in judicial politics, the place of fundamental rights in matters of jurisdiction, and the relationship between ordinary national courts and the European Court of Justice.This timely book provides a unique understanding of the enduring impact of judicial politics in the EU. It will be essential reading for academics studying constitutional and administrative law, European law, and politics, as well as for EU law practitioners and experts working within the EU institutions.