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An Introduction to Default Logic (Symbolic Computation)

This book is written for those who are interested in a fonnalization of human reasoning, especially in order to build "intelligent" computer systems. Thus, it is mainly designed for the Artificial Intelligence community, both students and researchers, although it can be useful for people working in related fields like cognitive psychology. The major theme is not Artificial Intelligence applications, although these are discussed throughout in sketch fonn. Rather, the book places a heavy emphasis on the fonnal development of default logic, results and problems. Default logic provides a fonnalism for an important part of human reasoning. Default logic is specifically concerned with common sense reasoning, which has recently been recognized in the Artificial Intelligence literature to be of fundamental importance for knowledge representation. Previously, fonnalized reasoning systems failed in real world environments, though succeeding with an acceptable ratio in well-defined environments. This situation enabled empirical explorations and the design of systems without theoretical justification. In particular, they could not be compared since there was no basis to judge their respective merits. Default logic turned out to be very fruitful by proving the correctness of some of them. We hope that this book will initiate other successful developments in default logic.

Manifolds all of whose Geodesics are Closed (Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. 2. Folge #93)

Einstein Manifolds (Classics In Mathematics Ser.)

Einstein's equations stem from General Relativity. In the context of Riemannian manifolds, an independent mathematical theory has developed around them. This is the first book which presents an overview of several striking results ensuing from the examination of Einstein’s equations in the context of Riemannian manifolds. Parts of the text can be used as an introduction to modern Riemannian geometry through topics like homogeneous spaces, submersions, or Riemannian functionals.

Nonlinear Optical and Atomic Systems: At the Interface of Physics and Mathematics (Lecture Notes in Mathematics #2146)

Focusing on the interface between mathematics and physics, this book offers an introduction to the physics, the mathematics, and the numerical simulation of nonlinear systems in optics and atomic physics. The text covers a wide spectrum of current research on the subject, which is an extremely active field in physics and mathematical physics, with a very broad range of implications, both for fundamental science and technological applications: light propagation in microstructured optical fibers, Bose-Einstein condensates, disordered systems, and the newly emerging field of nonlinear quantum mechanics. Accessible to PhD students, this book will also be of interest to post-doctoral researchers and seasoned academics.

Trends in Applications of Mathematics to Mechanics: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium, Held in Wassenaar, The Netherlands, December 7–11, 1987

In many areas of mechanics the interplay between mathematics and physics is crucial for understanding not only underlying principles but also practical applications. This is particularly the case in hydrodynamics and elasticity. Over thirty articles in this volume discuss various aspects including perturbation methods and applications, instability, bifurcations and transition to chaos, multibody dynamics and control, mechanics and mathematics of non-classical materials, and new interactions of mathematics and mechanics. The book addresses scientists and engineers working in these areas including those interested in applied mathematical analysis.

Lehrerprofessionalität und die Qualität von Mathematikunterricht: Quantitative Studien zu Expertise und Überzeugungen von Mathematiklehrkräften (Perspektiven der Mathematikdidaktik)

​Die professionelle Handlungskompetenz von Lehrkräften gilt als zentrales Element für erfolgreiches Lehren und Lernen in der Schule. Michael Besser knüpft in seiner Arbeit an dieses Verständnis der besonderen Rolle professioneller Handlungskompetenz an und untersucht die Bedeutung von Expertise und Überzeugungen von Lehrkräften für die Qualität von Mathematikunterricht. Im Rahmen quantitativer Studien innerhalb des Forschungsprojekts COACTIV analysiert er den Einfluss des Fachwissens, des fachdidaktischen Wissens sowie transmissiver und konstruktivistischer Überzeugungen von Lehrkräften auf einen kognitiv aktivierenden Mathematikunterricht. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt auf dem Wissen von Lehrkräften über Aufgaben als entscheidender Moment eines verständnisvollen Lehrens und Lernens von Mathematik.​

Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming - CP 2007: 13th International Conference, CP 2007, Providence, RI, USA, September 25-29, 2007, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #4741)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming, CP 2007. It contains 51 revised full papers and 14 revised short papers presented together with eight application papers and the abstracts of two invited lectures. All current issues of computing with constraints are addressed, ranging from methodological and foundational aspects to solving real-world problems in various application fields.

Bayesian Programming

Probability as an Alternative to Boolean LogicWhile logic is the mathematical foundation of rational reasoning and the fundamental principle of computing, it is restricted to problems where information is both complete and certain. However, many real-world problems, from financial investments to email filtering, are incomplete or uncertain in natur

Education for Mathematics in the Workplace (Mathematics Education Library #24)

This timely volume raises issues concerning the nature of school mathematics and mathematics at work, and the challenges of teaching valuable mathematics in school and providing appropriate training for a variety of careers. It offers lively commentaries on important `hot' topics: transferring knowledge and skill across contexts; ‘authentic mathematics’; comparability of different types of assessment; and analyses of research methods.

Petri Net Primer: A Compendium on the Core Model, Analysis, and Synthesis (Computer Science Foundations and Applied Logic)

Petri nets model concurrent and distributed systems where active components communicate through the production and absorption of various kinds of resources. Although the dynamic properties of such systems may be very complex, they may sometimes be connected to the static structure of a Petri net. Many properties are decidable, but their complexity may be huge. It is often opportune to restrict oneself to classes of systems, to partial algorithms, and to similar but simpler properties. Instead of analysing a given system, it is also possible to search for a system satisfying some desired properties by construction. This comprehensive textbook/reference presents and discusses these issues in-depth in the context of one of the most fundamental Petri net models, called place/transition nets. The presentation is fortified by means of many examples and worked exercises. Among topics addressed: • In which order may actions may be generated and scheduled? • What states and configurations may be reached in a concurrent system? • Which interesting classes of systems can be analysed relatively efficiently? • Is it possible to synthesise a system of some class from its behaviour? • How can systems be represented algebraically, compositionally, and concisely? This unique text, based on introductory as well as on advanced courses on distributed systems, will serve as an invaluable guide for students and (future) researchers interested in theoretical—as well as in practical—aspects of Petri nets and related system models. Eike Best has been a full professor (now retired) affiliated to Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany. Raymond Devillers has been a full professor (now retired) affiliated to Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium. The authors have a long record as collaborators in the fields of Petri nets and the semantics of concurrency.

Petri Net Algebra (Monographs in Theoretical Computer Science. An EATCS Series)

In modern society services and support provided by computer-based systems have become ubiquitous and indeed have started to fund amentally alter the way people conduct their business. Moreover, it has become apparent that among the great variety of computer technologies available to potential users a crucial role will be played by concurrent systems. The reason is that many commonly occurring phenomena and computer applications are highly con­ current : typical examples include control systems, computer networks, digital hardware, business computing, and multimedia systems. Such systems are characterised by ever increasing complexity, which results when large num­ bers of concurrently active components interact. This has been recognised and addressed within the computing science community. In particular, sev­ eral form al models of concurrent systems have been proposed, studied, and applied in practice. This book brings together two of the most widely used formalisms for de­ scribing and analysing concurrent systems: Petri nets and process algebras. On the one hand , process algebras allow one to specify and reason about the design of complex concurrent computing systems by means of algebraic operators corresponding to common programming constructs. Petri nets, on the other hand, provide a graphical representation of such systems and an additional means of verifying their correctness efficiently, as well as a way of expressing properties related to causality and concurrency in system be­ haviour.

Nonsequential Processes: A Petri Net View (Monographs in Theoretical Computer Science. An EATCS Series #13)

The theory of Petri nets is a part of computer science whose importance is increasingly acknowledged. Many papers and anthologies, whose subject matter is net theory and its applications, have appeared to date. There exist at least seven introductory textbooks on the theory. The present monograph augments this literature by offering a mathematical treatment of one of the central aspects of net theory: the modelling of concur­ rency by partially ordered sets. Occurrence nets - which are special nets as well as special partial orders - are proposed by net theory for this purpose. We study both the general properties of occurrence nets and their use in describing the concurrent behaviour of systems. Occurrence nets may be contrasted with a more language-oriented approach to the modelling of concurrency known as arbitrary interleaving. We will dis­ cuss some connections between these' two approaches. Other approaches based on partially ordered sets - such as the theory of traces, the theory of event structures and the theory of semi words - are not considered in this book, in spite of the strong links between them and net theory.

Strategic Stability in the Post-Cold War World and the Future of Nuclear Disarmament (NATO Science Partnership Subseries: 1 #3)

This Report contains a Consensus Report and the papers submitted to the April 6 -10, 1995 NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Strategic Stability In The Post-Cold War World And The Future Of Nuclear Disarmament, held in Washington D. C. , United States Of America of at The Airlie Conference Center. The workshop was sponsored by the NATO Division Scientific and Environmental Affairs as part of its ongoing outreach programme to widen and deepen scientific contacts between NATO member countries and the Cooperation Partner countries of the former Warsaw Treaty Organization. The participants recognize that the collapse of the former Soviet Union has left a conceptual vacuum in the definition of a new world order. Never before have the components of world order all changed so rapidly, so deeply, or so globally. As Henry Kissinger points out, the emergence of the new world order will have answered three fundamental questions:" What are the basic units of the international order? What are their means of interacting? and What are the goals on behalf of which they interact? " The main question is whether the establishment and maintenance of an international system will turn out to be a conscious design, or the outgrowth of a test of strength. The concept of a planning framework that could shape or govern these interactions is emerging and may now be at hand. Capturing this emerging framework is the thrust of this NATO-sponsored Advanced Research Workshop.

Portfolio Optimization

Eschewing a more theoretical approach, Portfolio Optimization shows how the mathematical tools of linear algebra and optimization can quickly and clearly formulate important ideas on the subject. This practical book extends the concepts of the Markowitz "budget constraint only" model to a linearly constrained model.Only requiring elementary linear

Quadratic Programming with Computer Programs (Advances in Applied Mathematics)

Quadratic programming is a mathematical technique that allows for the optimization of a quadratic function in several variables. QP is a subset of Operations Research and is the next higher lever of sophistication than Linear Programming. It is a key mathematical tool in Portfolio Optimization and structural plasticity. This is useful in Civil Engineering as well as Statistics.

Quadratic Programming with Computer Programs (Advances in Applied Mathematics)

Quadratic programming is a mathematical technique that allows for the optimization of a quadratic function in several variables. QP is a subset of Operations Research and is the next higher lever of sophistication than Linear Programming. It is a key mathematical tool in Portfolio Optimization and structural plasticity. This is useful in Civil Engineering as well as Statistics.

Accounting for Construction: Frameworks, Productivity, Cost and Performance

Accounting for Construction follows on from Measuring Construction, edited by the same team. It extends the coverage of some of the material in the first volume and expands the range of related topics to include, inter alia, shadow economies, accounting for informal construction and the treatment of the built environment sector in national accounts. Taken together, the two volumes collate a range of topics that are only addressed, if addressed at all, in occasional academic papers and the publications of bodies such as national statistical offices and the World Bank. Accounting for Construction presents international examples from the UK, Australia and New Zealand and from both academic and professional contributors. This book is essential reading for all researchers and professionals interested in construction economics, construction management, and anyone interested in how the construction industry affects the global economy in ways previously under-represented in the literature.

Accounting for Construction: Frameworks, Productivity, Cost and Performance

Accounting for Construction follows on from Measuring Construction, edited by the same team. It extends the coverage of some of the material in the first volume and expands the range of related topics to include, inter alia, shadow economies, accounting for informal construction and the treatment of the built environment sector in national accounts. Taken together, the two volumes collate a range of topics that are only addressed, if addressed at all, in occasional academic papers and the publications of bodies such as national statistical offices and the World Bank. Accounting for Construction presents international examples from the UK, Australia and New Zealand and from both academic and professional contributors. This book is essential reading for all researchers and professionals interested in construction economics, construction management, and anyone interested in how the construction industry affects the global economy in ways previously under-represented in the literature.

Data Intelligence and Cognitive Informatics: Proceedings of ICDICI 2021 (Algorithms for Intelligent Systems)

The book is a collection of peer-reviewed best selected research papers presented at the International Conference on Data Intelligence and Cognitive Informatics (ICDICI 2021), organized by SCAD College of Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli, India, during July 16–17, 2021. This book discusses new cognitive informatics tools, algorithms, and methods that mimic the mechanisms of the human brain which leads to an impending revolution in understating a large amount of data generated by various smart applications. The book includes novel work in data intelligence domain which combines with the increasing efforts of artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, and cognitive science to study and develop a deeper understanding of the information processing systems.

What's in a Relative: Household and Family in Formentera

In this ground-breaking study based on ethnographic research in Formentera, in the Balearic Islands, the author demonstrates that European kinship can become central to anthropological explanation once it is understood from a symbolic and cultural perspective. This book is an outstanding example of ethnographic analysis which is sensitive to the findings of demographic and historical research.

What's in a Relative: Household and Family in Formentera

In this ground-breaking study based on ethnographic research in Formentera, in the Balearic Islands, the author demonstrates that European kinship can become central to anthropological explanation once it is understood from a symbolic and cultural perspective. This book is an outstanding example of ethnographic analysis which is sensitive to the findings of demographic and historical research.

IUTAM Symposium on Optimization of Mechanical Systems: Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium held in Stuttgart, Germany, 26–31 March 1995 (Solid Mechanics and Its Applications #43)

The International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) initiated and sponsored an International Symposium on Optimization of Mechanical Systems held in 1995 in Stuttgart, Germany. The Symposium was intended to bring together scientists working in different fields of optimization to exchange ideas and to discuss new trends with special emphasis on multi body systems. A Scientific Committee was appointed by the Bureau of IUTAM with the following members: S. Arimoto (Japan) EL. Chernousko (Russia) M. Geradin (Belgium) E.J. Haug (U.S.A.) C.A.M. Soares (Portugal) N. Olhoff (Denmark) W.O. Schiehlen (Germany, Chairman) K. Schittkowski (Germany) R.S. Sharp (U.K.) W. Stadler (U.S.A.) H.-B. Zhao (China) This committee selected the participants to be invited and the papers to be presented at the Symposium. As a result of this procedure, 90 active scientific participants from 20 countries followed the invitation, and 49 papers were presented in lecture and poster sessions.

Fehlerkultur in Organisationen: Eine organisationsethnografische Studie in der stationären Altenpflege (Organisation und Pädagogik #33)

Im Zentrum dieser Studie steht die Frage nach der Verflechtung der Fehlerkultur mit den Entscheidungs- und Handlungspraktiken in einer Alten- und Pflegeeinrichtung. Dafür wurde mit der pädagogischen Organisationsethnografie ein explorativer Zugang zum Forschungsgegenstand gewählt, der einen tiefen Einblick in die soziale Welt der Altenpflege gewährt. Kernstück ist eine konzeptualisierende Darstellung feldtypischer Praktiken und eine gegenstandsbezogene Theorieentwicklung, die im Sinne der Grounded Theory umgesetzt wurde. Das genuine Dilemma der Altenpflege zwischen Wirtschaftlichkeit und Pflegeethos führt zu Praxismustern, die als Problemlösungsstrategien auch die Fehlerkultur prägen.

Mathematical Thought: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mathematics (Synthese Library #11)

In contributing a foreword to this book I am complying with a wish my husband expressed a few days before his death. He had completed the manuscript of this work, which may be considered a companion volume to his book Formal Methods. The task of seeing it through the press was undertaken by Mr. J. J. A. Mooij, acting director of the Institute for Research in Foundations and the Philosophy of Science (Instituut voor Grondslagenonderzoek en Filoso:fie der Exacte Wetenschappen) of the University of Amsterdam, with the help of Mrs. E. M. Barth, lecturer at the Institute. I wish to thank Mr. Mooij and Mrs. Barth most cordially for the care with which they have acquitted themselves of this delicate task and for the speed with which they have brought it to completion. I also wish to express my gratitude to Miss L. E. Minning, M. A. , for the helpful advice she has so kindly given to Mr. Mooij and Mrs. Barth during the proof reading. C. P. C. BETH-PASTOOR VII PREFACE A few years ago Mr. Horace S.

Memorial Colloquium: Logic and Foundations of Science Paris, Institut Henri Poincaré, 19–21 May 1964