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Ordinary Meaning: A Theory of the Most Fundamental Principle of Legal Interpretation

Consider this court case: a defendant has traded a gun for drugs, and there is a criminal sentencing provision that stipulates an enhanced punishment if the defendant “uses” a firearm “during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime.” Buying the drugs was obviously a crime—but can it be said that the defendant actually “used” the gun during the crime? This sort of question is at the heart of legal interpretation. Legal interpretation is built around one key question: by what standard should legal texts be interpreted? The traditional doctrine is that words should be given their “ordinary meaning”: words in legal texts should be interpreted in light of accepted standards of communication. Yet often, courts fail to properly consider context, refer to unsuitable dictionary definitions, or otherwise misconceive how the ordinary meaning of words should be determined. In this book, Brian Slocum builds his argument for a new method of interpretation by asking glaring, yet largely ignored, questions. What makes one particular meaning the “ordinary” one, and how exactly do courts conceptualize the elements of ordinary meaning? Ordinary Meaning provides a much-needed, revised framework, boldly instructing those involved with the law in how the components of ordinary meaning should properly be identified and developed in our modern legal system.

Ordinary Meaning: A Theory of the Most Fundamental Principle of Legal Interpretation

Consider this court case: a defendant has traded a gun for drugs, and there is a criminal sentencing provision that stipulates an enhanced punishment if the defendant “uses” a firearm “during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime.” Buying the drugs was obviously a crime—but can it be said that the defendant actually “used” the gun during the crime? This sort of question is at the heart of legal interpretation. Legal interpretation is built around one key question: by what standard should legal texts be interpreted? The traditional doctrine is that words should be given their “ordinary meaning”: words in legal texts should be interpreted in light of accepted standards of communication. Yet often, courts fail to properly consider context, refer to unsuitable dictionary definitions, or otherwise misconceive how the ordinary meaning of words should be determined. In this book, Brian Slocum builds his argument for a new method of interpretation by asking glaring, yet largely ignored, questions. What makes one particular meaning the “ordinary” one, and how exactly do courts conceptualize the elements of ordinary meaning? Ordinary Meaning provides a much-needed, revised framework, boldly instructing those involved with the law in how the components of ordinary meaning should properly be identified and developed in our modern legal system.

Ordinary Meaning: A Theory of the Most Fundamental Principle of Legal Interpretation

Consider this court case: a defendant has traded a gun for drugs, and there is a criminal sentencing provision that stipulates an enhanced punishment if the defendant “uses” a firearm “during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime.” Buying the drugs was obviously a crime—but can it be said that the defendant actually “used” the gun during the crime? This sort of question is at the heart of legal interpretation. Legal interpretation is built around one key question: by what standard should legal texts be interpreted? The traditional doctrine is that words should be given their “ordinary meaning”: words in legal texts should be interpreted in light of accepted standards of communication. Yet often, courts fail to properly consider context, refer to unsuitable dictionary definitions, or otherwise misconceive how the ordinary meaning of words should be determined. In this book, Brian Slocum builds his argument for a new method of interpretation by asking glaring, yet largely ignored, questions. What makes one particular meaning the “ordinary” one, and how exactly do courts conceptualize the elements of ordinary meaning? Ordinary Meaning provides a much-needed, revised framework, boldly instructing those involved with the law in how the components of ordinary meaning should properly be identified and developed in our modern legal system.

The Ordinary Virtues: Moral Order in a Divided World

During a 3-year, 8-nation journey, Michael Ignatieff found that while human rights is the language of states and liberal elites, the moral language that resonates with most people is that of everyday virtues: tolerance, forgiveness, trust, and resilience. These ordinary virtues are the moral system of global cities and obscure shantytowns alike.

The Ordinary Virtues: Moral Order in a Divided World

During a 3-year, 8-nation journey, Michael Ignatieff found that while human rights is the language of states and liberal elites, the moral language that resonates with most people is that of everyday virtues: tolerance, forgiveness, trust, and resilience. These ordinary virtues are the moral system of global cities and obscure shantytowns alike.

Ordnungswidrigkeiten in Rundfunk und Telemedien

Das Rechtshandbuch stellt die Ahndung und Verfolgung von Ordnungswidrigkeiten in Online-Medien (Rundfunk und Telemedien) mit ihren Besonderheiten dar. Es konzentriert sich auf die Gesichtspunkte, die in der Praxis eine Rolle spielen. Damit versetzt es den Leser in die Lage, einen durchschnittlichen Alltagsfall im rundfunkrechtlichen Bußgeldverfahren ohne Hinzuziehung weiterer Spezialliteratur zu lösen. Das Werk richtet sich an Rechtsanwälte, Staatsanwälte und Strafgerichte ebenso wie an Landesmedienanstalten, private Rundfunkveranstalter, Telemedienanbieter und Plattformbetreiber.

Ordnungswidrigkeiten in Rundfunk und Telemedien

Das Rechtshandbuch stellt die Ahndung und Verfolgung von Ordnungswidrigkeiten in Online-Medien (Rundfunk und Telemedien) mit ihren Besonderheiten dar. Es konzentriert sich auf die Gesichtspunkte, die in der Praxis eine Rolle spielen. Damit versetzt es Leser in die Lage, einen durchschnittlichen Alltagsfall im rundfunkrechtlichen Bußgeldverfahren ohne weitere Spezialliteratur zu lösen. Das Werk ist unverzichtbar für die Compliance bei privaten Rundfunkveranstaltern, Anbietern von rundfunkähnlichen Telemedien, Medienplattformen, Benutzeroberflächen, Medienintermediären und sonstigen Telemedien. Es wendet sich zudem an Studierende mit medienrechtlichem Studienschwerpunkt, an Landesmedienanstalten als nach §§ 35, 36 OWiG zuständige Verwaltungsbehörden sowie an Staatsanwaltschaften und Strafgerichte, aber ebenso und nicht zuletzt an die Verteidigerinnen und Verteidiger im Bußgeldverfahren.

Ordoliberalism, Law and the Rule of Economics

Ordoliberalism is a theoretical and cultural tradition of significant societal and political impact in post-war Germany. For a long time the theory was only known outside Germany by a handful of experts, but ordoliberalism has now moved centre stage after the advent of the financial crisis, and has become widely perceived as the ideational source of Germany's crisis politics.In this collection, the contributors engage in a multi-faceted exploration of the conceptual history of ordoliberalism, the premises of its founding fathers in law and economics, its religious underpinnings, the debates over its theoretical assumptions and political commitments, and its formative vision of societal ordering based upon a synthesis of economic theories and legal concepts. The renewal of that vision through the ordoliberal conceptualisation of the European integration project, the challenges of the current European crisis, and the divergent perceptions of ordoliberalism within Germany and by its northern and southern EU neighbours, are a common concern of all these endeavours. They unfold interdisciplinary affinities and misunderstandings, cultural predispositions and prejudices, and political preferences and cleavages. By examining European traditions through the lens of ordoliberalism, the book illustrates the diversity of European economic cultures, and the difficulty of transnational political exchanges, in a time of European crisis.

Ordoliberalism, Law and the Rule of Economics

Ordoliberalism is a theoretical and cultural tradition of significant societal and political impact in post-war Germany. For a long time the theory was only known outside Germany by a handful of experts, but ordoliberalism has now moved centre stage after the advent of the financial crisis, and has become widely perceived as the ideational source of Germany's crisis politics.In this collection, the contributors engage in a multi-faceted exploration of the conceptual history of ordoliberalism, the premises of its founding fathers in law and economics, its religious underpinnings, the debates over its theoretical assumptions and political commitments, and its formative vision of societal ordering based upon a synthesis of economic theories and legal concepts. The renewal of that vision through the ordoliberal conceptualisation of the European integration project, the challenges of the current European crisis, and the divergent perceptions of ordoliberalism within Germany and by its northern and southern EU neighbours, are a common concern of all these endeavours. They unfold interdisciplinary affinities and misunderstandings, cultural predispositions and prejudices, and political preferences and cleavages. By examining European traditions through the lens of ordoliberalism, the book illustrates the diversity of European economic cultures, and the difficulty of transnational political exchanges, in a time of European crisis.

Organ and Tissue Transplantation (The International Library of Medicine, Ethics and Law)

Organ transplantation has been one of the miracles of modern-day medicine but, in addition to presenting enormous technical and clinical challenges, it throws up major ethical and legal issues principally from the perspective of the donor. Evolving capabilities in the spheres of both organ and tissue transplantation, coupled with rapidly-escalating demand, assert consistent and critical pressure on our ethical and legal principles and frameworks, including the expansion of the potential donor pool beyond the conventional categories of donor. This volume brings together seminal papers analyzing such matters in the context of an ever-increasingly important area of clinical practice.

Organ and Tissue Transplantation (The International Library of Medicine, Ethics and Law)

Organ transplantation has been one of the miracles of modern-day medicine but, in addition to presenting enormous technical and clinical challenges, it throws up major ethical and legal issues principally from the perspective of the donor. Evolving capabilities in the spheres of both organ and tissue transplantation, coupled with rapidly-escalating demand, assert consistent and critical pressure on our ethical and legal principles and frameworks, including the expansion of the potential donor pool beyond the conventional categories of donor. This volume brings together seminal papers analyzing such matters in the context of an ever-increasingly important area of clinical practice.

Organ Donation (Health and Medical Issues Today)

This book provides a comprehensive yet accessible look at organ donation and transplantation, including coverage of scientific, medical, social, legal, and ethical issues. Readers will also discover how new technologies and medical advances are shaping the future of organ donation.Donated organs and tissues have improved or saved the lives of hundreds of thousands of individuals. But these life-changing procedures raise many logistical and ethical questions. How can organs be effectively allocated to those in need? Should individuals be allowed to purchase organs from living donors? What role does religion and culture play in someone's decision to donate or accept an organ? Will new technologies like bioprinting change the future of organ donation?Part of Greenwood&’s Health and Medical Issues Today series, Organ Donation is divided into three sections. Part I explores different aspects of the donation and transplantation process, including which tissues and organs can be donated, living versus deceased donation, religious and cultural perceptions, and cutting-edge alternatives to traditional organ transplants. Part II delves deep into a variety of issues and controversies related to the subject, offering thorough and balanced coverage of such hot-button topics as opt-in versus opt-out systems, organ trafficking, and transplant tourism. Part III provides a variety of useful materials, including case studies, a glossary, and a directory of resources.

Organ Donation (Health and Medical Issues Today)

This book provides a comprehensive yet accessible look at organ donation and transplantation, including coverage of scientific, medical, social, legal, and ethical issues. Readers will also discover how new technologies and medical advances are shaping the future of organ donation.Donated organs and tissues have improved or saved the lives of hundreds of thousands of individuals. But these life-changing procedures raise many logistical and ethical questions. How can organs be effectively allocated to those in need? Should individuals be allowed to purchase organs from living donors? What role does religion and culture play in someone's decision to donate or accept an organ? Will new technologies like bioprinting change the future of organ donation?Part of Greenwood&’s Health and Medical Issues Today series, Organ Donation is divided into three sections. Part I explores different aspects of the donation and transplantation process, including which tissues and organs can be donated, living versus deceased donation, religious and cultural perceptions, and cutting-edge alternatives to traditional organ transplants. Part II delves deep into a variety of issues and controversies related to the subject, offering thorough and balanced coverage of such hot-button topics as opt-in versus opt-out systems, organ trafficking, and transplant tourism. Part III provides a variety of useful materials, including case studies, a glossary, and a directory of resources.

Organ Replacement Therapy: First Joint Meeting of ESOT and EDTA/ERA Munich December 1990

Leading medical ethicists, theologists, lawyers, transplant surgeons and physicians discuss 5 major ethical topics concerning the transplantation of human organs.

Organ Transplantation and Native Peoples: An Interdisciplinary Approach (SpringerBriefs in Public Health)

This book presents important concepts from medical and socio-cultural anthropology to health professionals working with organ transplantation involving indigenous populations. Written by an anthropologist and a nephrologist working at the Brazilian Amazon region, it presents an interdisciplinary approach merging perspectives from medical and socio-cultural anthropology, social epidemiology and clinical medicine to blend philosophical concerns around tissue and organ exchange with transplant-related initiatives in order to help health professionals develop care protocols that take into account the specific cultures of indigenous populations.The approach proposed in this book is based on the assumption that there are other concepts of bodies, personhood, health, sickness, and collectivity implicated in processes of organ transplantation and health care in general that must be taken into consideration beyond strictly biomedical perspectives. Such cultural aspects also imply challenges in terms of bioethics and legislation, given the need to respect indigenous cultures. So, in order to offer health professionals practical insights, the book presents a review of the literature available about experiences of organ transplantation in ethnically diverse countries and how the professionals involved have addressed this diversity respecting these groups from a cultural, ethical, and epidemiological point of view. Organ Transplantation and Native Peoples: An Interdisciplinary Approach is primarily aimed at being a practical tool for health professionals working with indigenous populations, but will also be of interest to researchers in different fields of the social and health sciences, such as medical anthropology, public health, nursing, bioethics and epidemiology.

Organ Transplantation in Times of Donor Shortage: Challenges and Solutions (International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine #59)

This book analyzes the reasons for organ shortage and ventures innovative ideas for approaching this problem. It presents 29 contributions from a highly interdisciplinary group of world experts and upcoming professionals in the field. Every year thousands of patients die while waiting for organ transplantation. Health authorities, medical professionals and bioethicists worldwide point to the urgent and yet unsolved problem of organ shortage, which will be even intensified due to the increasing life expectancy. Even though the practical problem seems to be well known, the search for suitable solutions continues and often restricts itself by being limited through disciplinary and national borders. Combining philosophical reflection with empirical results, this volume enables a unique insight in the ethics of organ transplantation and offers fresh ideas for policymakers, health care professionals, academics and the general public.

Organgewinnung zu Zwecken der Transplantation: Eine systematische Analyse des geltenden Rechts (Forschungen aus Staat und Recht #82)

Der weltweite Mangel an menschlichen Organen gilt heute als eines der Hauptprobleme der Transplantationsmedizin. Anders als beispiels­ weise bei Medikamenten, die theoretisch in beliebiger Menge hergestellt werden konnen, hangt die Versorgungslage der Bevolkerung mit Trans­ plantaten vom vergleichsweise "une1astischen" Angebot an Organspendern ab: Jede Organtransplantation setzt notwendigerweise voraus, daB das transplantierte Organ zuvor aus dem Korper eines (lebenden oder verstor­ benen) Organspenders entnommen wird. Von dieser "Organgewinnung" handelt dieses Buch. Auch aus dem Blickwinke1 des Juristen konzentrierte sich das Interesse an der Transplantationsmedizin seit jeher iiberwiegend auf die Organge­ winnung und weniger auf die Organiibertragung. Durch Jahrzehnte hin­ durch war die Frage nach den rechtlichen Voraussetzungen einer Organ­ entnahme Gegenstand iiberaus kontroversieller Diskussionen. Mit einer Novelle zum Krankenanstaltengesetz (§§ 62a bis c) hat der osterreichische Gesetzgeber im Jahre 1982 in diesem umstrittenen Bereich des Gesund­ heitsrechts eine klare rechtspolitische Entscheidung getroffen und die (in der Praxis vorherrschende) Organentnahme aus Leichen ausdriicklich gerege1t. Damit sind manche der alten Streitfragen - insbesondere nach dem Zustimmungsrecht der AngehOrigen -gegenstandslos geworden; auf der anderen Seite entstand~n neue Auslegungsprobleme, die ihre Ursache in der Unbestimmtheit und Knappheit der neugeschaffenen Bestimmungen haben. Zu ihrer LOsung will die vorliegende Untersuchung einen Beitrag leisten. Beabsichtigt war, die wichtigsten rechtlichen Aspekte der Organge­ winnung aus der Sicht des Krankenanstaltenrechts erstmals umfassend und systematisch darzustellen; daB es in diesem Zusammenhang freilich nicht moglichwar, aile denkbaren Rechtsfragen erschopfend und abschlieBend zu erortern, liegt schon in der Neuheit des Themas begriindet.

Organisation der Datenverarbeitung an der Schwelle der 90er Jahre: 8. GI-Fachgespräch über Rechenzentren, Düsseldorf, 2.–3. März 1989 (Informatik-Fachberichte #207)

Ebenso wie seine Vorgänger liefert auch das 8. GI-Fachgespräch ein getreues Spiegelbild der Probleme, die sich in den jeweiligen Zeiträumen in den Rechenzentren ergeben haben. Zum Zeitpunkt des 8. Fachgesprächs bestimmen Themenkreise wie dezentrale Datenverarbeitung, ihre Beherrschbarkeit und ihre Grenzen, aber auch der Ausblick auf neue Techniken und Entwicklungstendenzen, Sicherheitsaspekte und Hochgeschwindigkeitsnetze die Diskussion. Die zunehmende Betrachtung der Rechenzentren unter Kosten-Nutzen-Gesichtspunkten führte zum Themenkreis "Kapazitätsplanung und -management". Traditionsgemäß wird auch dieses Fachgespräch von einer Hochschule, der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, ausgerichtet. Der Trend der Hochschulen - und damit auch ihrer Rechenzentren - geht hin zum Wissenstransfer und Technologieaustausch mit Unternehmen der Wirtschaft und Industrie. Berücksichtigt wird dies im Themenkreis "Kooperation Wirtschaft/Hochschule", in dem über die Erfahrungen in der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft bei der Entwicklung komplexer Softwaresysteme berichtet wird.

Organisation der Regulierungsverwaltung: am Beispiel der deutschen und unionalen Energieverwaltung

Dieses Buch enthält eine detailreiche Untersuchung von Handlungsformen und Entscheidungsverfahren deutscher und europäischer Regulierungsakteure im Energiebinnenmarkt. Ausgehend von der Bundesnetzagentur wird insbesondere die Zusammenarbeit mit anderen nationalen Regulierungsbehörden, der Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) und der Europäischen Kommission hinsichtlich Organisation und Verfahren herausgearbeitet. Anhand einer wissenschaftlichen Einordnung der Praxisinstrumente nach Handlungsformen, Rechtswirkungen und Rechtsschutzintensität werden Modelltypen entwickelt, die das Zusammenspiel von Organisationsformen und Entscheidungsverfahren im europäischen Regulierungsverbund aufzeigen. Dieses Buch deckt Spannungen im europäischen Energiebinnenmarkt auf, indem es sich nicht auf die Feststellung rechtlicher Unstimmigkeiten im Regulierungsverbund beschränkt, sondern aktuelle Praxisprobleme aufgreift und zukünftige Entwicklungen durch das Vierte Energiebinnenmarktpaket antizipiert.

Organisation of Banking Regulation (SpringerBriefs in Law)

This book illustrates the interaction of banking regulators and discusses with it related legal and economic challenges. First, the importance of administrative organisations for the implementation of regulatory law towards banks and financial institutions is shown. On this basis five model types of administrative organisations in the field of banking regulation are derived. Thereby, banking regulators can be classified due to their influence on regulatory decisions. Their influence runs from preparation across enforcement to control of regulatory decisions. In particular, the cooperation of the European Central Bank with national banking regulators is analysed. Finally, the main legal and economic arguments of Banking Regulation in the Economic and Monetary Union are discussed.

The Organisation of Crime and Harm in the Construction Industry (Routledge Studies in Organised Crime)

Drawing on empirical work and secondary analysis from the UK and Finnish construction industries, this book contributes a deep-rooted analysis of construction industry harms that originate from corporate-industrialstate processes.The UK context arguably represents a classic ‘neoliberal’ system categorised by privatisation of services and minimal regulation, whereas Finland broadly provides a ‘social democratic’ alternative with its relatively strong national regulation and public sector oversight of industry. These concepts interlink strongly with the notion of state-corporate crime, since this perspective shifts attention away from individualistic explanations for crime and harm towards symbiosis between states and corporations. This book argues that existing explanations based on organised crime and individual ‘rogues’ are insufficient to account for the wider range and subtlety of harms that occur in construction, and therefore offers a unique perspective into organisational, industry, and state dynamics in this sector.An accessible and compelling read, this book will appeal to students and scholars of criminology, sociology, organized crime, and those interested in harms in the construction industry.

The Organisation of Crime and Harm in the Construction Industry (Routledge Studies in Organised Crime)

Drawing on empirical work and secondary analysis from the UK and Finnish construction industries, this book contributes a deep-rooted analysis of construction industry harms that originate from corporate-industrialstate processes.The UK context arguably represents a classic ‘neoliberal’ system categorised by privatisation of services and minimal regulation, whereas Finland broadly provides a ‘social democratic’ alternative with its relatively strong national regulation and public sector oversight of industry. These concepts interlink strongly with the notion of state-corporate crime, since this perspective shifts attention away from individualistic explanations for crime and harm towards symbiosis between states and corporations. This book argues that existing explanations based on organised crime and individual ‘rogues’ are insufficient to account for the wider range and subtlety of harms that occur in construction, and therefore offers a unique perspective into organisational, industry, and state dynamics in this sector.An accessible and compelling read, this book will appeal to students and scholars of criminology, sociology, organized crime, and those interested in harms in the construction industry.

Organisation und Haftung in der ambulanten Pflege: Praxisbuch

Ambulante Pflege wird zunehmend wichtiger im deutschen Gesundheitssystem. Mit immer neuen Gesetzen und Vorschriften wächst aber die Unsicherheit und damit das Bedürfnis nach Unterstützung bei organisatorischen und rechtlichen Fragen. Der Band ist eine professionelle Arbeitshilfe und gibt u. a. Antworten auf Fragen zu Personalführung und -entwicklung, zu Pflegeverträgen und Angehörigenarbeit, zu Pflegeplanung sowie rechtlichen Regelungen und deren betriebliche Umsetzung. Enthalten sind außerdem Praxis- und Rechtstipps, Formulare und Checklisten.

Organisation und Recht: Organisatorische Bedingungen des Gesetzesvollzugs (Jahrbuch für Rechtssoziologie und Rechtstheorie #7)

Organisational Anthropology: Doing Ethnography in and Among Complex Organisations (Anthropology, Culture and Society)

Organisational Anthropology is a pioneering analysis of doing ethnographic fieldwork in different types of complex organisations, focusing on the process of initiating contact, establishing rapport and gaining the trust of an organisation's members.*BR**BR*The thirteen contributors work from the premise that doing fieldwork in an organisation shares essential characteristics with fieldwork in more 'classical' anthropological environments, but that it also poses some particular challenges to the ethnographer, with barriers including the ideological or financial interests of the organisations, protection of resources and competition between organisations.*BR**BR*A number of organisational contexts - including corporations, EU policy arenas, think tanks and the public sector - are explored in case studies from the UK, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Mexico and the USA.