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Bulk and Surface Acoustic Waves: Fundamentals, Devices, and Applications
by Guigen ZhangThis book introduces acoustic wave theories using a reader-friendly matrix-based linear algebra approach. It will enable the reader to take advantage of software tools such as MATLAB (commercial codes) and OCTAVE (open-source codes) to gain better and deeper understanding of the underlying physics quickly. In this aspect, this text can be regarded as a practical introduction of the acoustic wave theories in an easy-to-follow linear algebra format using matrix manipulations instead of an abstract approach relying on tensor manipulations. The book also uses case studies to demonstrate how the fundamentals on acoustic waves discussed throughout the book are applied in device designs and analyses such that the connections and interdependences between the underlying sciences and the observed behavior and performances can be better appreciated by the reader. To achieve this, all problems for illustrations, examples, case studies, and device analyses are developed and solved based on the mathematical foundations laid out in the book.
Bulbous Plants: Biotechnology
by K. G. Ramawat J. M. MerillonBulbous plants are those with organs for nutrient storage and these include tubers, corms, and bulbs. They can be ornamental or edible, herbaceous or perennial. Important examples of such plants are potato, sweet potato, yam, arrowroot, and dahlias. This book focuses mainly on economically important food crops, their propagation strategies, plant g
Bujard-Baiers Hilfsbuch für Nahrungsmittelchemiker: zum Gebrauch im Laboratorium für die Arbeiten der Nahrungsmittelkontrolle gerichtlichen Chemie und anderen Zweige der öffentlichen Chemie
by Alfons Bujard Eduard BaiersDieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.
Built-in-Self-Test and Digital Self-Calibration for RF SoCs (SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering)
by Sleiman Bou-Sleiman Mohammed IsmailThis book will introduce design methodologies, known as Built-in-Self-Test (BiST) and Built-in-Self-Calibration (BiSC), which enhance the robustness of radio frequency (RF) and millimeter wave (mmWave) integrated circuits (ICs). These circuits are used in current and emerging communication, computing, multimedia and biomedical products and microchips. The design methodologies presented will result in enhancing the yield (percentage of working chips in a high volume run) of RF and mmWave ICs which will enable successful manufacturing of such microchips in high volume.
Built Heritage Sustainable Reuse: Approaches, Methodologies and Practices (Building Pathology and Rehabilitation #26)
by Humberto Varum Teresa Cunha FerreiraThis book gathers the latest advances and innovations in the field of sustainable reuse of built heritage, as presented by international researchers at the conference "ReUSO - Documentation, Restoration and Reuse of Heritage”, held on November 2-4, 2022, at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal. The X edition of the ReUSO conference promoted the discussion among the participants on issues related to the sustainable and adaptive reuse of built heritage, from the theoretical perspectives to the methodological and practical applications in contemporary interventions in relation to the complexity and vulnerability of the present-day context and the future orientations of our scientific sectors.
Built Heritage: Monitoring Conservation Management (Research for Development)
by Lucia Toniolo Maurizio Boriani Gabriele GuidiThis book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date overview on the most pressing issues in the conservation and management of archaeological, architectural, and urban landscapes. Multidisciplinary research is presented on a wide range of built heritage sites, from archaeological ruins and historic centers through to twentieth century and industrial architectural heritage. The role of ICT and new technologies, including those used for digital archiving, surveying, modeling, and monitoring, is extensively discussed, in recognition of their importance for professionals working in the field. Detailed attention is also paid to materials and treatments employed in preventive conservation and management. With contributions from leading experts, including university researchers, professionals, and policy makers, the book will be invaluable for all who seek to understand, and solve, the challenges face d in the protection and enhancement of the built heritage.
Built Heritage in post-Disaster Scenarios: Improving Resilience and Awareness Towards Preservation, Risk Mitigation and Governance Strategies
by Marcello BalzaniIt is assumed that the impact of natural and man-made hazards on society in terms of damage cannot be avoided. To reduce potential disaster levels and to assess which policies have had a positive outcome, a careful comparison should take place on the procedures implemented in the management of crises.The experiences with the earthquakes in the Pianura Padana area and central regions of Italy in the last ten years have been incorporated in the 'After the Damages' advanced training project. This project aims to showcase recent innovations and advancements in post-disaster management, so as to take a more proactive role in post-disaster management, and to respond more effectively when disasters occur.This volume provides insights into the dynamics and negative effects of natural and man-made hazards (i.e., earthquakes, fires, floods, droughts, volcanic eruptions, etc.), including more updated approaches to deal with post-disaster phases. The book also offers tools to deal with possible international crisis scenarios and mitigate the social impact of vulnerabilities through risk reduction.Built Heritage in post-Disaster Scenarios aims at public administration managers, government agency representatives, international organizations, researchers, and professionals in architecture, engineering, and earth science.Marcello Balzani, Architect, PhD in "Representation and Survey", Full Professor of Representation at the Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara. President of Clust-ER Building and Construction. He is author of more than 200 publications on the themes of Drawing and Architectural and Urban Surveying, Project Representation, Management and Visualisation.Federica Maietti, Architect, PhD, Associate Professor in the Scientific Sector ICAR/17 at the Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara. Member of the DIAPReM Centre, since 2005 she carries out research activities in the fields of heritage documentation, survey and diagnostic investigations, in different national and international contexts, including Pompeii, Malta, Brazil, India, and Mexico. Scientific Manager of the International Academy "After the Damages", she is involved in several research activities and she is the author of more than two hundred publications in the field of Heritage Documentation, Survey and Representation.Manlio Montuori, Architect, PhD, former assistant professor non-tenured at the University of Ferrara, Department of Architecture, where he is a member of the Labo.R.A. The main field of his research is the conservation of architectural heritage and landscape, with special emphasis on preservation procedures for traditional and industrial built heritage. His research interests also address assessment and management in the context of damage and disaster risk reduction. Scientific Manager of the International Academy "After the Damages", he is involved in several research projects implementing ICT technologies in the conservation and structural health assessment of built and cultural heritage.Fabiana Raco, Architect, PhD RTDa Researcher of Drawing at the Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara. Technical coordinator of TekneHub Laboratory. Author of more than 50 publications on the topics of Drawing, Architectural and Urban Surveying, Representation, Diagnostics, Visualization and Project Management of interventions on built heritage.
Built Heritage in post-Disaster Scenarios: Improving Resilience and Awareness Towards Preservation, Risk Mitigation and Governance Strategies
It is assumed that the impact of natural and man-made hazards on society in terms of damage cannot be avoided. To reduce potential disaster levels and to assess which policies have had a positive outcome, a careful comparison should take place on the procedures implemented in the management of crises.The experiences with the earthquakes in the Pianura Padana area and central regions of Italy in the last ten years have been incorporated in the 'After the Damages' advanced training project. This project aims to showcase recent innovations and advancements in post-disaster management, so as to take a more proactive role in post-disaster management, and to respond more effectively when disasters occur.This volume provides insights into the dynamics and negative effects of natural and man-made hazards (i.e., earthquakes, fires, floods, droughts, volcanic eruptions, etc.), including more updated approaches to deal with post-disaster phases. The book also offers tools to deal with possible international crisis scenarios and mitigate the social impact of vulnerabilities through risk reduction.Built Heritage in post-Disaster Scenarios aims at public administration managers, government agency representatives, international organizations, researchers, and professionals in architecture, engineering, and earth science.Marcello Balzani, Architect, PhD in "Representation and Survey", Full Professor of Representation at the Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara. President of Clust-ER Building and Construction. He is author of more than 200 publications on the themes of Drawing and Architectural and Urban Surveying, Project Representation, Management and Visualisation.Federica Maietti, Architect, PhD, Associate Professor in the Scientific Sector ICAR/17 at the Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara. Member of the DIAPReM Centre, since 2005 she carries out research activities in the fields of heritage documentation, survey and diagnostic investigations, in different national and international contexts, including Pompeii, Malta, Brazil, India, and Mexico. Scientific Manager of the International Academy "After the Damages", she is involved in several research activities and she is the author of more than two hundred publications in the field of Heritage Documentation, Survey and Representation.Manlio Montuori, Architect, PhD, former assistant professor non-tenured at the University of Ferrara, Department of Architecture, where he is a member of the Labo.R.A. The main field of his research is the conservation of architectural heritage and landscape, with special emphasis on preservation procedures for traditional and industrial built heritage. His research interests also address assessment and management in the context of damage and disaster risk reduction. Scientific Manager of the International Academy "After the Damages", he is involved in several research projects implementing ICT technologies in the conservation and structural health assessment of built and cultural heritage.Fabiana Raco, Architect, PhD RTDa Researcher of Drawing at the Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara. Technical coordinator of TekneHub Laboratory. Author of more than 50 publications on the topics of Drawing, Architectural and Urban Surveying, Representation, Diagnostics, Visualization and Project Management of interventions on built heritage.
Built Environment and Walking & Cycling Around Metro Stations (Urban Sustainability)
by Yanan LiuThis book explores the relationship between pedestrians/cyclists’ mode and route choice to/from metro/railway stations and the micro-level (street-scale) built environment in a second-tier city in China. More specifically, it investigates how the street-scale built environment influences pedestrians/cyclists’ mode choice and route choice behavior and examines user preferences for the micro-level built environment around metro stations. The focus on a second-tier city is motivated primarily to expand the set of Chinese cities where the effects of the built environment on pedestrian/cyclist mode and route choice have been studied. Results demonstrate the effects of the street-scale built environment on pedestrian flows. The effects are higher for the main road, which is directly connected with the metro station. The findings of this book are expected to support the design of preferred walking/biking built environments around a metro station. This book appeals to urbanists, planners, engineers, policy makers, and those interested in a wide-ranging overview of slow/green transportation and built environment promotion. These methods not only help to understand the quantitative relationship between built environment design and travel behavior but also support the evaluation and assessment of built environment design in urban planning projects. It reduces the gap in our understanding of the quantitative relationship between the micro-level built environment and pedestrians/cyclists’ transportation mode and route choice around the metro station. Both stated choice data and revealed choice data were used. An extended set of micro-level built environment attributes was developed. Besides the widely studied transportation-related factors, street-level built environment factors were studied using quantitative methods.
Built Environment and Property Management: A Focus on China and Hong Kong (Emerald Gems)
by Emerald Group LimitedBuilt Environment and Property Management - A Focus on China and Hong Kong is a unique collection of previously published articles that represent the very highest level of scholarship in the field. The articles published in this collection identify some emergent themes that have subsequently established themselves as key trends among academics in the field. These include the following:- Public-private partnerships- China's property boom and the resulting increase in prices- Waste management issues. This new collection provides an unparalleled insight into the hospitality industry and will enable readers to access the most important 'thinkers' active in this arena today.
Built: The Hidden Stories Behind our Structures
by Roma AgrawalThe wonders of engineering revealed--by the inspirational female engineer behind the Shard, Western Europe's tallest building.While our cities are full of incredible engineering feats, most of us live with little idea of what goes into creating the built environment, let alone how a new building goes up, what it is constructed upon, or how it remains standing.In Built, star structural engineer Roma Agrawal explains how construction has evolved from the mud huts of our ancestors to skyscrapers of steel that reach into the sky. She unearths how humans have tunneled through solid mountains; how we've walked across the widest of rivers, and tamed nature's precious water resources. She tells vivid tales of the visionaries who created the groundbreaking materials used to build the Pantheon and the Eiffel Tower; and explains how careful engineering can minimize tragedies like the collapse of the Quebec Bridge. Interweaving science, history, illustrations, and personal stories, Built offers a fascinating window into a subject that makes up the foundation of our everyday lives.
Built: The Hidden Stories Behind Our Structures (Bloomsbury Revelations Ser.)
by Roma AgrawalImagine you woke up one morning to find everything created by engineers had disappeared. What would you see?No cars, no houses; no phones, bridges or roads. No tunnels under tidal rivers, no soaring skyscrapers. The impact that engineering has had on the human experience is undeniable, but it is also often invisible.In BUILT, structural engineer Roma Agrawal takes a unique look at how construction has evolved from the mud huts of our ancestors to skyscrapers of steel that reach hundreds of metres into the sky. She unearths how engineers have tunnelled through kilometres of solid mountains; how they've bridged across the widest and deepest of rivers, and tamed Nature's precious – and elusive – water resources. She tells vivid tales of the visionaries who created the groundbreaking materials in the Pantheon's record-holding concrete dome and the frame of the record-breaking Eiffel Tower. Through the lens of an engineer, Roma examines tragedies like the collapse of the Quebec Bridge, highlighting the precarious task of ensuring people's safety they hold at every step. With colourful stories of her life-long fascination with buildings – and her own hand-drawn illustrations – Roma reveals the extraordinary secret lives of structures.
Buildings for Education: A Multidisciplinary Overview of The Design of School Buildings (Research for Development)
by Stefano Della Torre Massimiliano Bocciarelli Laura Daglio Raffaella NeriThis open access book presents theoretical and practical research relating to the vast, publicly financed program for the construction of new schools and the reorganization of existing educational buildings in Italy. This transformative process aims to give old buildings a fresh identity, to ensure that facilities are compliant with the new educational and teaching models, and to improve both energy efficiency and structural safety with respect to seismic activity. The book is divided into three sections, the first of which focuses on the social role of the school as a civic building that can serve the needs of the community. Innovations in both design and construction processes are then analyzed, paying special attention to the Building Information Modeling (BIM) strategy as a tool for the integration of different disciplines. The final section is devoted to the built heritage and tools, technologies, and approaches for the upgrading of existing buildings so that they meet the new regulations on building performance. The book will be of interest to all who wish to learn about the latest insights into the challenges posed by, and the opportunities afforded by, a comprehensive school building and renovation program.
Buildings for Advanced Technology (Science Policy Reports)
by Ahmad Soueid E. Clayton Teague James MurdayThis book deals with the design and construction of buildings for nanoscale science and engineering research. The information provided in this book is useful for designing and constructing buildings for such advanced technologies as nanotechnology, nanoelectronics and biotechnology. The book outlines the technology challenges unique to each of the building environmental challenges outlined below and provides best practices and examples of engineering approaches to address them:• Establishing and maintaining critical environments: temperature, humidity, and pressure• Structural vibration isolation• Airborne vibration isolation (acoustic noise)• Isolation of mechanical equipment-generated vibration/acoustic noise• Cost-effective power conditioning• Grounding facilities for low electrical interference• Electromagnetic interference (EMI)/Radio frequency interference (RFI) isolation• Airborne particulate contamination• Airborne organic and chemical contamination• Environment, safety and health (ESH) considerations• Flexibility strategies for nanotechnology facilitiesThe authors are specialists and experts with knowledge and experience in thecontrol of environmental disturbances to buildings and experimental apparatus.
Buildings, Culture and Environment: Informing Local and Global Practices
by Richard LorchWith accelerating change towards globalisation, the efficacy of design solutions not embedded within regional culture has been prone to failure - technically, socially and economically. Environmental problems and questions surrounding how to achieve a sustainable built environment are now posing urgent challenges to built environment practitioners and researcher. However, international cooperation in setting targets and standards as well as an increasing exchange of environmental information and practices present designers, clients and occupants with new problems that comprise local needs and the built environment. This book addresses the role regional culture play in the successful (or otherwise) process of exchanging and adapting environmental practices and standards in the built environment. Using the specific case of the design of environmentally sound buildings, the book identifies a number of issues from different perspectives: The conflict between regionally appropriate environmental building practices within a global technical and economic context. How human, social and cultural expectations limit technological advances and performance improvements. To what extent information on environmentally progressive buildings can be transferred across cultures without compromising regional and local practices. Which ideas travel successfully between regions – generic principles, specific ideas or specific solutions? How the idea of regional identity is being redefined as the process of globalisation both widens and accelerates.
Buildings and Semantics: Data Models and Web Technologies for the Built Environment
by Pieter PauwelsThe built environment has been digitizing rapidly and is now transforming into a physical world that is at all times supplemented by a fully web-supported and interconnected digital version, often referred to as Digital Twin. This book shows how diverse data models and web technologies can be created and used for the built environment. Key features of this book are its technical nature and technical detail. The first part of the book highlights a large diversity of IT techniques and their use in the AEC domain, from JSON to XML to EXPRESS to RDF/OWL, for modelling geometry, products, properties, sensor and energy data. The second part of the book focuses on diverse software solutions and approaches, including digital twins, federated data storage on the web, IoT, cloud computing, and smart cities. Key research and strategic development opportunities are comprehensively discussed for distributed web-based building data management, IoT integration and cloud computing. This book aims to serve as a guide and reference for experts and professionals in AEC computing and digital construction including Master's students, PhD researchers, and junior to senior IT-oriented AEC professionals.
Buildings and Semantics: Data Models and Web Technologies for the Built Environment
by Pieter Pauwels Kris McGlinnThe built environment has been digitizing rapidly and is now transforming into a physical world that is at all times supplemented by a fully web-supported and interconnected digital version, often referred to as Digital Twin. This book shows how diverse data models and web technologies can be created and used for the built environment. Key features of this book are its technical nature and technical detail. The first part of the book highlights a large diversity of IT techniques and their use in the AEC domain, from JSON to XML to EXPRESS to RDF/OWL, for modelling geometry, products, properties, sensor and energy data. The second part of the book focuses on diverse software solutions and approaches, including digital twins, federated data storage on the web, IoT, cloud computing, and smart cities. Key research and strategic development opportunities are comprehensively discussed for distributed web-based building data management, IoT integration and cloud computing. This book aims to serve as a guide and reference for experts and professionals in AEC computing and digital construction including Master's students, PhD researchers, and junior to senior IT-oriented AEC professionals.
Building with Reclaimed Components and Materials: A Design Handbook for Reuse and Recycling
by Bill AddisInterest in green and sustainable design is growing throughout the world. Both national and local governments are active in promoting reuse and recycling in order to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill. This guide identifies how building designers and constructors can minimize the generation of waste at the design stage of a building project by using reclaimed components and materials. Authoritative, accessible and much-needed, this book highlights the opportunities for using reclaimed components and materials and recycled-content building products for each element of a building, from structure and foundations to building services and external works. Current experience is illustrated with international case studies and practical advice. It discusses different approaches to designing with recycling in mind, and identifies the key issues to address when specifying reclaimed components and recycled materials in construction work. This book will be invaluable for building professionals � including architects, specifiers, structural and service engineers, quantity surveyors, contractors and facilities managers � as well as students of architecture and civil engineering. Published with NEF
Building with Reclaimed Components and Materials: A Design Handbook for Reuse and Recycling
by Bill AddisInterest in green and sustainable design is growing throughout the world. Both national and local governments are active in promoting reuse and recycling in order to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill. This guide identifies how building designers and constructors can minimize the generation of waste at the design stage of a building project by using reclaimed components and materials. Authoritative, accessible and much-needed, this book highlights the opportunities for using reclaimed components and materials and recycled-content building products for each element of a building, from structure and foundations to building services and external works. Current experience is illustrated with international case studies and practical advice. It discusses different approaches to designing with recycling in mind, and identifies the key issues to address when specifying reclaimed components and recycled materials in construction work. This book will be invaluable for building professionals � including architects, specifiers, structural and service engineers, quantity surveyors, contractors and facilities managers � as well as students of architecture and civil engineering. Published with NEF
Building Wireless Sensor Networks: Application to Routing and Data Diffusion
by Smain FemmamBuilding Wireless Sensor Networks: Application to Routing and Data Diffusion discusses challenges involved in securing routing in wireless sensor networks with new hybrid topologies. An analysis of the security of real time data diffusion—a protocol for routing in wireless sensor networks—is provided, along with various possible attacks and possible countermeasures. Different applications are introduced, and new topologies are developed. Topics include audio video bridging (AVB) switched Ethernet, which uses the representation of a network of wireless sensors by a grayscale image to construct routing protocols, thereby minimizing energy consumption and data sharing in vehicular ad-hoc networks. Existing wireless networks aim to provide communication services between vehicles by enabling the vehicular networks to support wide range applications. New topologies are proposed first, based on the graphiton models, then the wireless sensor networks (WSN) based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard (ZigBee sensors, and finally the Pancake graphs as an alternative to the Hypercube for interconnecting processors in parallel computer networks.Presents an analysis and protocol for routing in wireless sensor networks Presents ways to prevent attacks against this protocol Introduces different applicationsDevelops new topologies
Building Wireless Sensor Networks: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives
by Nandini Mukherjee Sarmistha Neogy Sarbani RoyBuilding Wireless Sensor Networks: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives presents the state of the art of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) from fundamental concepts to cutting-edge technologies. Focusing on WSN topics ideal for undergraduate and postgraduate curricula, this book: Provides essential knowledge of the contemporary theory and practice of wireless sensor networking Describes WSN architectures, protocols, and operating systems Details the routing and data aggregation algorithms Addresses WSN security and energy efficiency Includes sample programs for experimentation The book offers overarching coverage of this exciting field, filling a critical gap in the existing literature.
Building Wireless Sensor Networks: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives
by Nandini Mukherjee Sarmistha Neogy Sarbani RoyBuilding Wireless Sensor Networks: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives presents the state of the art of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) from fundamental concepts to cutting-edge technologies. Focusing on WSN topics ideal for undergraduate and postgraduate curricula, this book: Provides essential knowledge of the contemporary theory and practice of wireless sensor networking Describes WSN architectures, protocols, and operating systems Details the routing and data aggregation algorithms Addresses WSN security and energy efficiency Includes sample programs for experimentation The book offers overarching coverage of this exciting field, filling a critical gap in the existing literature.
Building Washington: Engineering and Construction of the New Federal City, 1790-1840
by Robert J. KapschIn 1790, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson set out to build a new capital for the United States of America in just ten years. The area they selected on the banks of the Potomac River, a spot halfway between the northern and southern states, had few resources or inhabitants. Almost everything needed to build the federal city would have to be brought in, including materials, skilled workers, architects, and engineers. It was a daunting task, and these American Founding Fathers intended to do it without congressional appropriation.Robert J. Kapsch;€™s beautifully illustrated book chronicles the early planning and construction of our nation;€™s capital. It shows how Washington, DC, was meant to be not only a government center but a great commercial hub for the receipt and transshipment of goods arriving through the Potomac Canal, then under construction. Picturesque plans would not be enough; the endeavor would require extensive engineering and the work of skilled builders. By studying an extensive library of original documents;¢;‚¬;€?from cost estimates to worker time logs to layout plans;¢;‚¬;€?Kapsch has assembled a detailed account of the hurdles that complicated this massive project. While there have been many books on the architecture and planning of this iconic city, Building Washington explains the engineering and construction behind it.
Building Washington: Engineering and Construction of the New Federal City, 1790-1840
by Robert J. KapschIn 1790, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson set out to build a new capital for the United States of America in just ten years. The area they selected on the banks of the Potomac River, a spot halfway between the northern and southern states, had few resources or inhabitants. Almost everything needed to build the federal city would have to be brought in, including materials, skilled workers, architects, and engineers. It was a daunting task, and these American Founding Fathers intended to do it without congressional appropriation.Robert J. Kapsch;€™s beautifully illustrated book chronicles the early planning and construction of our nation;€™s capital. It shows how Washington, DC, was meant to be not only a government center but a great commercial hub for the receipt and transshipment of goods arriving through the Potomac Canal, then under construction. Picturesque plans would not be enough; the endeavor would require extensive engineering and the work of skilled builders. By studying an extensive library of original documents;¢;‚¬;€?from cost estimates to worker time logs to layout plans;¢;‚¬;€?Kapsch has assembled a detailed account of the hurdles that complicated this massive project. While there have been many books on the architecture and planning of this iconic city, Building Washington explains the engineering and construction behind it.
Building Vulnerability Assessments: Industrial Hygiene and Engineering Concepts
by Martha J. Boss Dennis W. DayAll too often the assessment of structural vulnerability is thought of only in terms of security upgrades, guards, and entrance barriers. However, in order to fully ensure that a building is secure, the process of design and construction must also be considered. Building Vulnerability Assessments: Industrial Hygiene and Engineering Concepts focuses