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Erkenntnis Orientated: A Centennial Volume for Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach
by W. SpohnRudolf Carnap was born on May 18, 1891, and Hans Reichenbach on September 26 in the same year. They are two of the greatest philosophers of this century, and they are eminent representatives of what is perhaps the most powerful contemporary philosophical movement. Moreover, they founded the journal Erkenntnis. This is ample reason for presenting, on behalf of Erkenntnis, a collection of essays in honor of them and their philosophical work. I am less sure, however, whether it is a good time for resuming their philosophical impact; their work still is rather part than historical basis of the present philosophical melting-pot. Their basic philosophical theses have currently, it may seem, not so high a standing, but their impact can be seen in numerous detailed issues; they have opened or pushed forward lively fields of research which are still very actively pursued not only within philosophy, but also in many neighboring disciplines. Whatever the present balance of opinions about their philosophical ideas, there is something even more basic in their philosophy than their tenets which is as fresh, as stimulating, as exemplary as ever. I have in mind their way of philosophizing, their conception of how to do philosophy. It is always a good time for reinforcing that conception; and if this volume would manage to do so, it would fully serve its purpose.
Erkenntniskonstruktion am Beispiel der Tastwahrnehmung (Wissenschaftstheorie, Wissenschaft und Philosophie #30)
by Ellen Matthies'Was wir über unsere Umwelt, über unsere Mitmenschen, ja sogar über uns selbst wissen, haben wir durch Wahrnehmung erfahren. Was ist das nun für ein Prozeß, den wir »Wahrnehmung« nennen? Unsere erlebte Welt wird durch diesen Prozeß definiert." Wir beginnen mit diesem Zitat aus einem psychologischen Wahrnehmungs lehrbuch (MURCH & WOODWORTH 1977, S.11), um damit die Bedeutung zu betonen, die Wahrnehmung aus psychologischer, aber auch aus alltäglicher Perspektive hat. Wahrnehmung definiert unsere erlebte Welt, sie ist die Grundlage unseres Wis sens und Handelns, und es überrascht daher nicht, daß sich Philosophen seit eh und je mit der Frage beschäftigen, worin sich unsere Wahrnehmungen gründen. Sind sie Abbildungen einer externen Welt, oder sind sie geistige Konstruktionen? Der Radikale Konstruktivismus ist eine Kognitionstheorie, die Erkenntnis als kon struiert betrachtet und damit die zweite Anschauung vertritt. Auch psychologi sche Wahrnehmungstheorien (BRUNER 1957, NEISSER 1976) tendieren in diese Richtung, indem sie die Beteiligung interner Faktoren am Wahrnehmungsprozeß postulieren. In letzter Konsequenz können sie die Annahme einer konstruierten Wahrnehmung jedoch nicht akzeptieren. 'Wenn Wahrgenommenes konstruiert ist, wieso ist es normalerweise genau?" fragt sich NEISSER (1979, S.24) und spricht damit die Frage nach der Ursache für die Stabilität der Wahrnehmung an. Wenn diese nicht in der Richtigkeit einer Abbildung gründet, worin dann? Radikale KonstruktivistInnen widmen sich genau dieser Frage und versuchen zu zeigen, nach welchen Prinzipien eine stabil erlebte Welt konstruiert werden kann. Das ist der Anlaß für uns, an psychologische Wahrnehmungstheorien anknüpfend den Radikalen Konstruktivismus in die Wahrnehmungspsychologie hineinzutragen.
Erlebnisstrategien im Einzelhandel: Analyse der Zielgruppen, der Ladengestaltung und der Warenpräsentation zur Vermittlung von Einkaufserlebnissen (Konsum und Verhalten #29)
by Andrea Gröppel
Ermüdungsbruch durch Osteoporose: Risiken von Zyklusstörungen und Leistungssport
by Kurt G. Wurster Roman F. WeiskeHohe Trainingsbelastungen lösen bei Leistungssportlerinnen häufig lang anhaltende Zyklusstörungen aus. Die Folge sind ein verminderter Östrogenspiegel und eine gestörte Entwicklung des im adoleszenten Alter notwendigen Knochenaufbaus. Bei den betroffenen Athletinnen kommt es gehäuft zu Ermüdungsbrüchen der unteren Extremitäten, als deren Ursache neben biomedizinischen Faktoren die verminderte Knochendichte angesehen werden kann. Bisher wurde die Streßfraktur als rein orthopädisches Problem angesehen. In diesem Buch wird das Thema zum ersten Mal interdisziplinär diskutiert von Wissenschaftlern aus den Gebieten der internistischen Osteologie, gynäkologischen Endokrinologie, diagnostischen Radiologie, Orthopädie und Ernährungswissenschaft. Erfahrungen aus der Trainingslehre, der Sportphysiotherapie und von betroffenen Athletinnen runden die Darstellung ab.
Erneuerungstheorie: Analyse stochastischer Regenerationsschemata (Teubner Skripten zur Mathematischen Stochastik)
by Gerold AlsmeyerDer vorliegende Text basiert in seinen Grundzügen auf dem Manuskript zu einer Vorlesung über Erneuerungstheorie, die ich im Wintersemester 1986/87 und im Sommersemester 1987 zunächst zwei-und dann vierstündig an der Universität Kiel abgehalten habe. Als ich im Sommer 1986 damit begann, die ersten Kapitel niederzuschreiben, schwebte mir eine Monographie gerin geren Umfangs vor, die im wesentlichen die Hauptsätze der Erneuerungstheorie einschließlich vollständiger Beweise sowie eine Anzahl interessanter und zugleich typischer Anwendungen umfassen sollte. Von besonderer Bedeutung erschien mir die Darstellung des seit der Wieder entdeckung der Koppelungsmethode in den siebziger Jahren möglichen rein probabilistischen Zugangs, der bis dahin, zumindest im Hinblick auf den Hauptsatz der Erneuerungstheorie, d. h. das Blackwellsche Erneuerungstheorem, nicht existierte. Zusätzlichen Ansporn bot die Tatsache, daß dieser Zugang offenbar noch keine Aufnahme in einschlägigen Lehrbüchern ge funden hatte, wie überhaupt eine Monographie größeren Umfangs über Erneuerungstheorie überraschenderweise nicht verfügbar war. Letzteres brachte mich schließlich zu dem Entschluß, meine ursprüngliche Planung zu ändern und ein Buch zu schreiben, das sowohl eine Einführung in die klassischen Resultate unter Einschluß des bereits erwähnten probabilistischen Zugangs gibt als auch jüngere Entwicklungen berücksichtigt, wobei ich hier vor allem an die Theorie Harris-rekurrenter Markov-Ketten und die Markov-Erneuerungstheorie denke. Nachdem diese Entscheidung gefallen war, erschien zum Ende meiner Vorlesung Mitte 1987 Sören Asmussens exzellentes Werk "Applied Probability and Queues ", das mich zu einem erneuten Überdenken des begonnenen Projektes bewog, indem es wichtige Teile des zuvor von mir avisierten und bisher in Lehrbuchform nicht verfügbaren Materials enthielt.
Erosion des Wachstumsparadigmas: Neue Konfliktstrukturen im politischen System der Bundesrepublik? (Schriften des Zentralinstituts für sozialwiss. Forschung der FU Berlin)
by Bernhard WeßelsGeht mit dem ökologischen Protest der "Basis- und Verfassungskonsens" die Verständigung über Grundfragen der Gesellschaft verloren und entsteht dadurch eine neue Konfliktlinie im politischen System der Bundesrepublik? Unter dieser Fragestellung untersucht der Autor die wertbezogenen, sozialstrukturellen und organisatorischen Bedingungen ökologischen Protests in den achtziger Jahren. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit steht die Frage, wer die Träger des ökologischen Konflikts sind, ob sich hinter den Konfliktpotentialen eine "neue Verteilungsfrage" verbirgt und welche Rolle Bewegungsorganisationen und öffentliche Kritik im Umweltschutz spielen.
Erstspracherwerb: Der Erwerb des deutschen Lautsystems (DUV Sprachwissenschaft)
by Hilke ElsenDiese Arbeit entstand aus meinem schon lange währenden Interesse am Verhalten kleiner Kinder, die ja praktisch aus dem Nichts sprachliche, motorische und soziale Fähigkelten erwerben und die ohne Schwierigkelten in die jeweilige Kultur hineinwachsen. Gerade die sprachliche Entwicklung Interessierte mich, da ich schon mit vielen Aspekten von Sprache in Berührung kam, aber für ihr Entstehen beim Kind nie genügend Information in der Literatur fand. Wie schafft es das Kleinkind, das bei der Geburt ganz offensichtlich keine Töne außer Weinen und mit der Nahrungsaufnahme verbundene Geräusche hervorzubringen vermag, nach einiger Zelt ein auf den ersten Blick großes Durcheinander an Lauten zu produ zieren und Im Alter von wenigen Jahren deutlich und korrekt zu sprechen? Die Tatsache, daß den Erwachsenen fremde Laute gewöhnlich große Schwierigkel ten bereiten, Kleinkindem jedoch nicht, lenkte mein Augenmerk auf die Anfänge des Erstspracherwerbs, auf die Entstehung des Lautsystems. Dieses Thema wird in der Literatur kaum behandelt. Die wenigen Langzeltstudien weisen Lücken auf. Breiter angelegte Untersuchungen mit mehreren Kindem geben die Entwicklung nur ausschnittweise wieder. Außerdem herrscht Unklarheit über den Motor des Spracherwerbs. Was veranlaßt ein Kind dazu, sprechen zu lernen? Ich werde diese Frage auch weiterhin unbeantwortet lassen. Aber fest steht: sowohl angeborene Faktoren - die Anatomie und Reifung des Sprechapparate- als auch umweltbedingte - die sprechenden Eltern und sonstigen Bezugspersonen, die das Kind täglich hört - tragen zur Entwicklung bei.
Erwachsenenskoliose —: Konservative Behandlung der idiopathischen Skoliose (Wirbelsäulendeformitäten #1)
by Hans-Rudolf Weiss
Espionage and Secrecy: The Official Secrets Acts 1911-1989 of the United Kingdom (Routledge Revivals)
by Rosamund ThomasThis prize-winning book, first published in 1991, provides a detailed legal account of the development of the UK Official Secrets Acts 1911-1989. In particular, the Espionage section (s.1) of this criminal law is analysed carefully, illustrated by leading cases of UK spies prosecuted under this section, particularly during the 1980’s — including MI5 officer Michael Bettaney and Geoffrey Prime who worked at GCHQ. The author also examines problems of evidence in espionage prosecutions, and the consent of the Attorney-General in cases under the Official Secrets Acts. This book remains the definitive treatise on the UK Official Secrets Acts, especially concerning the espionage provisions.
Espionage and Secrecy: The Official Secrets Acts 1911-1989 of the United Kingdom (Routledge Revivals)
by Rosamund ThomasThis prize-winning book, first published in 1991, provides a detailed legal account of the development of the UK Official Secrets Acts 1911-1989. In particular, the Espionage section (s.1) of this criminal law is analysed carefully, illustrated by leading cases of UK spies prosecuted under this section, particularly during the 1980’s — including MI5 officer Michael Bettaney and Geoffrey Prime who worked at GCHQ. The author also examines problems of evidence in espionage prosecutions, and the consent of the Attorney-General in cases under the Official Secrets Acts. This book remains the definitive treatise on the UK Official Secrets Acts, especially concerning the espionage provisions.
Essays in Macroeconomics of an Open Economy (Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems #362)
by Franz GehrelsThe large aggregates in the economy - consumption, investment, production of the domestic and the international sectors, international capital flows, financial accumulation and indebtedness - are analysed in this book as problems in time-optimisation for enterprises and households. The effects of fiscal and monetary policies along with exchange-rate variation are examined, and their simultaneous use for stabilizing demand are found to be necessary. All household decisions on consumptions, savings, and financial disposition are conditioned by uncertainty, and similarly for firms, who make more complex simultaneous decisions on production, real investment, financing, and market strategy. The marginal efficiency-of-investment function derived from these decisions is fundamentally different from the marginal productivity of capital in the neoclassical sense. An economy which grows through the accumulation of capital, increase in labor supply, and technological progress is the framework in which all of these variables move. This codetermines the allocation of factors between domestic and international production, and the development of foreign trade. The growth both of the public debt and of international investment are treated in depth.
Essays on the Economics of Migratory Fish Stocks (Studies in Contemporary Economics)
by Ragnar Arnason Trond BjorndalFollowing the publication of seminal papers by professors H. S. Gordon in 1954 and A. D. Scott in 1955, active research has led to rapid progress in our understanding of the economics of fisheries. Fishing, however, is a complicated activity involving intricate interactions between man-made fishing capital and naturally produced fish stocks in an inherently dynamic and stochastic setting. Consequently, in spite of significant advances, important sections of fisheries economics remain largely unexplored. One such area is the economics of migratory fish stocks. In 1985, the editors of this volume embarked on a research project concerned with the optimal utilization of common Nordic fish stocks. A fundamental feature of some of the most important of these fish stocks, such as the Atlanto-Scandian herring and the Icelandic capelin, is their migratory behaviour. Not only do the migrations continuously alter the economic conditions for harvesting these species. They also result in the periodical transfer of stock concentrations from one exclusive fisheries jurisdictions to another. It was readily apparent that this behaviour constituted a crucial determinant of the appropriate harvesting pattern of these stocks. More importantly, however, migrations are by no means a unique feature of Nordic fish stocks. In fact, it appears that migratory behaviour is exhibited, albeit in varying degrees, by all species of fish. It therefore stands to reason that migrations constitute an important aspect of the economics of fisheries in general.
The Essential Calhoun (The Library of Conservative Thought)
by Clyde N. WilsonJohn C. Calhoun was a major actor in the political history of nineteenth-century America. His dramatic career will always be of interest. However, Calhoun is equally important as a political thinker who continues to elicit widespread interest from the most diverse points of the ideological spectrum. The Essential Calhoun presents a full-fledged selection of speeches and writings taken from the entire forty-year span of Calhoun's public career and from many varieties of occasions, public and private. For the first time, it is possible to appreciate Calhoun fully and to consider his thought within the compass of a single volume.Calhoun is known to posterity as the premier defender of the Old South and slavery and as the theorist of the concurrent majority. His contemporaries knew him as much else, including a political economist and foreign policy authority. As the range of writings shows, he was a valuable and often prophetic commentator.Calhoun's thought testifies to a deep and abiding concern with moral and ethical issues that confront a government resting on the consent of the people. The fundamental question with which he wrestles in all his works is how to achieve and maintain a proper balance between power and liberty in a democratic society. By providing the most representative compendium of his thought, The Essential Calhoun invites the reader to engage in this exercise of applying the moral imagination realistically to the public business of America. Historians, American studies specialists, economists, and political scientists will find this volume indispensible.
The Essential Calhoun (The Library of Conservative Thought)
by Clyde N. WilsonJohn C. Calhoun was a major actor in the political history of nineteenth-century America. His dramatic career will always be of interest. However, Calhoun is equally important as a political thinker who continues to elicit widespread interest from the most diverse points of the ideological spectrum. The Essential Calhoun presents a full-fledged selection of speeches and writings taken from the entire forty-year span of Calhoun's public career and from many varieties of occasions, public and private. For the first time, it is possible to appreciate Calhoun fully and to consider his thought within the compass of a single volume.Calhoun is known to posterity as the premier defender of the Old South and slavery and as the theorist of the concurrent majority. His contemporaries knew him as much else, including a political economist and foreign policy authority. As the range of writings shows, he was a valuable and often prophetic commentator.Calhoun's thought testifies to a deep and abiding concern with moral and ethical issues that confront a government resting on the consent of the people. The fundamental question with which he wrestles in all his works is how to achieve and maintain a proper balance between power and liberty in a democratic society. By providing the most representative compendium of his thought, The Essential Calhoun invites the reader to engage in this exercise of applying the moral imagination realistically to the public business of America. Historians, American studies specialists, economists, and political scientists will find this volume indispensible.
Essential Oils and Waxes (Molecular Methods of Plant Analysis #12)
by R. P. Adams M. E. Crespo S. G. Deans H.E.M. Dobson P. Dunlop C.A.J. Erdelmeier A. Ghosh E. G. Hammond R. B. Inman J. F. Jackson J. Jimenez M. Kawakami A. D. Kinghorn A. Kiritsakis A. Kobayashi S. Kokkini H. F. Linskens P. Markakis J. Metzger S. Misra C. Navarro L.A.C. Pieters C. Tringali T.A. van Beek G. Vernin A. J. Vlietinck Y. YokouchiGiven the growing importance of essential oils and waxes, this volume deals with the analysis of a broad spectrum of these compounds from many plant origins. Commercial oils such as olive oil are analysed as are trees such as eucalyptus, mentha, cedar and juniper. In addition, analysis of spices, seasoning, seaweeds, perfumes, liquors and atmospheric monoterpene hydrocarbons are to be found in this book. The volatiles of flower and pollen may be of importance in attraction of bees and other insects to certain plants for pollination purposes; this topic is also discussed. Waxes, both in the soil and as leaf components are analysed and presented in such a way making this book valuable to scientists with varying interests worldwide.
Essential Psychology: For Students And Professionals In The Health And Social Services
by R.B. BurnsWhile this book is concerned with psychology let no reader believe that after studying it he or she will be a budding psychologist. Only those elements of psychology which are central to the adequate functioning of the professional in the health and allied caring services are covered. Many popular topics, such as intelligence, memory, concept formation, will not be found within the covers of this book. The objective of this book is to enable those professionals who have responsibility for the well-being, health and care of others to develop insight into and to become more empathetic to the needs, motivations, feelings and behaviour of their charges. An ancillary objective is that the readers too might come to understand a little more about their own behaviour, particularly in relation to their work situation. Patients in hospital, children in residential care, the elderly in the old folks' home are all perceiving and thinking organisms, not merely interesting medical cases, a classical set of symptoms, a collection of statistics or a bulging case file. Every person, whether professional or client, is affected by the way others respond to them, by the feelings each has for the other, by the non-verbal signals of eye contact, smile, and voice tone, etc.
Essential Relativistic Celestial Mechanics
by Victor BrumbergEssential Relativistic Celestial Mechanics presents a systematic exposition of the essential questions of relativistic celestial mechanics and their relation to relativistic astrometry. The book focuses on the comparison of calculated and measurable quantities that is of paramount importance in using general relativity as a necessary framework in the discussion of high-precision observations and for the construction of accurate dynamical ephemerides. It discusses the results of the general relativistic theory of motion of celestial bodies and describes the relativistic theory of astronomical reference frames, time scales, and the reduction of observations.
Essential Relativistic Celestial Mechanics
by Victor BrumbergEssential Relativistic Celestial Mechanics presents a systematic exposition of the essential questions of relativistic celestial mechanics and their relation to relativistic astrometry. The book focuses on the comparison of calculated and measurable quantities that is of paramount importance in using general relativity as a necessary framework in the discussion of high-precision observations and for the construction of accurate dynamical ephemerides. It discusses the results of the general relativistic theory of motion of celestial bodies and describes the relativistic theory of astronomical reference frames, time scales, and the reduction of observations.
Estimating Checklist for Capital Projects
by Association of The Joint Development BoardThis book provides a checklist, classified by work section, which will enable the cost engineer to ensure that no items of significant cost have been omitted.
Estimation and Control of Distributed Parameter Systems: Proceedings of an International Conference on Control and Estimation of Distributed Parameter Systems, Vorau, July 8–14, 1990 (International Series of Numerical Mathematics #100)
by DESCH KAPPEL KUNISCH
Estimation of Mortality Rates in Stage-Structured Population (Lecture Notes in Biomathematics #90)
by Simon N. Wood Roger M. NisbetThe stated aims of the Lecture Notes in Biomathematics allow for work that is "unfinished or tentative". This volume is offered in that spirit. The problem addressed is one of the classics of statistical ecology, the estimation of mortality rates from stage-frequency data, but in tackling it we found ourselves making use of ideas and techniques very different from those we expected to use, and in which we had no previous experience. Specifically we drifted towards consideration of some rather specific curve and surface fitting and smoothing techniques. We think we have made some progress (otherwise why publish?), but are acutely aware of the conceptual and statistical clumsiness of parts of the work. Readers with sufficient expertise to be offended should regard the monograph as a challenge to do better. The central theme in this book is a somewhat complex algorithm for mortality estimation (detailed at the end of Chapter 4). Because of its complexity, the job of implementing the method is intimidating. Any reader interested in using the methods may obtain copies of our code as follows: Intelligible Structured Code 1. Hutchinson and deHoog's algorithm for fitting smoothing splines by cross validation 2. Cubic covariant area-approximating splines 3. Cubic interpolating splines 4. Cubic area matching splines 5. Hyman's algorithm for monotonic interpolation based on cubic splines. Prototype User-Hostile Code 6. Positive constrained interpolation 7. Positive constrained area matching 8. The "full method" from chapter 4 9. The "simpler" method from chapter 4.
Ethical Banking: Surviving in an Age of Default
by James J. LynchEthical Banking analyses pressures on bank managers and others in financial services. It guides them in ethical decision taking and behaviour. The book makes major contributions to new thinking on customer-banker relationships, including five 'Canons of Ethical Banking'. Giving a concise but comprehensive review of international banking and its impact on the High Street, the book provides a series of exercises with which readers can judge their own ethical standards, and test themselves with over twenty 'ethical dilemmas'.