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Supermajorities in Constitutional Courts
by Mauro Arturo Rivera LeónConstitutional adjudication is a subject of fascination for scholars. Judges may annul the will of a democratically elected Parliament in counter-majoritarian fashion. Although conceived as a remedy against majoritarianism, judges also decide cases by voting. Whether they do so through simple majorities or supermajorities is not trivial.The debate around supermajorities has awakened anew amidst theories of judicial limitation and new conceptions of judicial review. This book advances our knowledge of systems employing supermajorities in constitutional adjudication by performing a comparative analysis of ten jurisdictions and twelve supermajority models. It introduces a typology of the main models of institutional design, the reasons leading policymakers to establish them, and the impact supermajorities have on courts. It explores the question of whether supermajorities grant deference and foster consensus, or if they disable constitutional courts from exercising judicial review. By analyzing the history, practice, and effects of supermajority rules in courts, this book contributes to an ongoing conversation on the democratic implications of voting protocols in constitutional courts. It will be a valuable resource for policy-makers, scholars, and researchers working in the areas of comparative constitutional law and constitutional politics.The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
Supermajorities in Constitutional Courts
by Mauro Arturo Rivera LeónConstitutional adjudication is a subject of fascination for scholars. Judges may annul the will of a democratically elected Parliament in counter-majoritarian fashion. Although conceived as a remedy against majoritarianism, judges also decide cases by voting. Whether they do so through simple majorities or supermajorities is not trivial.The debate around supermajorities has awakened anew amidst theories of judicial limitation and new conceptions of judicial review. This book advances our knowledge of systems employing supermajorities in constitutional adjudication by performing a comparative analysis of ten jurisdictions and twelve supermajority models. It introduces a typology of the main models of institutional design, the reasons leading policymakers to establish them, and the impact supermajorities have on courts. It explores the question of whether supermajorities grant deference and foster consensus, or if they disable constitutional courts from exercising judicial review. By analyzing the history, practice, and effects of supermajority rules in courts, this book contributes to an ongoing conversation on the democratic implications of voting protocols in constitutional courts. It will be a valuable resource for policy-makers, scholars, and researchers working in the areas of comparative constitutional law and constitutional politics.The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
Superstition, Management and Organisations: Irrationality, Randomness, and Chaos in Decision Making (Palgrave Studies in Workplace Spirituality and Fulfillment)
by Joanna CrossmanThis book addresses how people and organisations sometimes respond to uncertainty in making decisions. Those decisions are rooted in beliefs and behaviours that are not always rational, especially in response to perceived randomness, chaos and unexpected circumstances. The author uses a transdisciplinary approach to the study of superstition in the context of business and management, taking care to acknowledge that what is regarded as superstition to one person may well be constructed as a spiritual belief by another. Respect and sensitivity in explicating individual and social constructions of spirituality is a core value in structuring the narrative of the text. The work also explores the interwoven relationships amongst superstition, religion, spirituality and empiricism and how cultural, political, economic and environmental factors are likely to influence organisations and those who are employed by them. Further, it examines the influence of beliefs related to topics such as feng shui, astrology, phrenology and the I Ching in recruitment. This comprehensive treatment of the role of superstition in business will advance the scholarly conversation on uncertainty in decision making. It points to the power of belief that defies empirical validation and how it can be used in a variety of contexts, such as the marketing of products and images to manipulate unwary consumers or inhibit the implementation of health advice in times of COVID-19.
The Supreme Court and the Philosopher: How John Stuart Mill Shaped US Free Speech Protections
by Eric T. Kasper Troy A. KozmaThe Supreme Court and the Philosopher illustrates how the modern US Supreme Court has increasingly adopted a view of the constitutional right to the freedom of expression that is classically liberal in nature, reflecting John Stuart Mill's reasoning in On Liberty. A landmark treatise outlining the merits of limiting governmental and social power over the individual, On Liberty advocates for a maximum protection of human freedom. Proceeding case by case and covering a wide array of issues, such as campaign finance, offensive speech, symbolic speech, commercial speech, online expression, and false statements, Eric T. Kasper and Troy A. Kozma show how the Supreme Court justices have struck down numerous laws for infringing on the freedom of expression.Kasper and Kozma demonstrate how the adoption of Mill's version of free speech began with Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. more than a century ago and expanded over time to become the prevailing position of the Court today. The authors argue that this embrace of Mill's rationale has led to an unmistakable reorientation in the Court's understanding of free expression jurisprudence.The Supreme Court and the Philosopher is the first book to comprehensively explore how the political philosophy of Mill has influenced the highest court in the land. In targeting the underlying philosophical reasons that explain why the modern Supreme Court renders its First Amendment decisions, this book is particularly timely, as the issues of censorship and freedom of expression are debated in the public square today.
A Supreme Court Unlike Any Other: The Deepening Divide Between the Justices and the People
by Kevin J. McMahonA data-rich examination of the US Supreme Court's unprecedented detachment from the democratic processes that buttress its legitimacy. Today’s Supreme Court is unlike any other in American history. This is not just because of its jurisprudence but also because the current Court has a tenuous relationship with the democratic processes that help establish its authority. Historically, this “democracy gap” was not nearly as severe as it is today. Simply put, past Supreme Courts were constructed in a fashion far more in line with the promise of democracy—that the people decide and the majority rules. Drawing on historical and contemporary data alongside a deep knowledge of court battles during presidencies ranging from FDR to Donald Trump, Kevin J. McMahon charts the developments that brought us here. McMahon offers insight into the altered politics of nominating and confirming justices, the shifting pool of Supreme Court hopefuls, and the increased salience of the Court in elections. A Supreme Court Unlike Any Other is an eye-opening account of today’s Court within the context of US history and the broader structure of contemporary politics.
A Supreme Court Unlike Any Other: The Deepening Divide Between the Justices and the People
by Kevin J. McMahonA data-rich examination of the US Supreme Court's unprecedented detachment from the democratic processes that buttress its legitimacy. Today’s Supreme Court is unlike any other in American history. This is not just because of its jurisprudence but also because the current Court has a tenuous relationship with the democratic processes that help establish its authority. Historically, this “democracy gap” was not nearly as severe as it is today. Simply put, past Supreme Courts were constructed in a fashion far more in line with the promise of democracy—that the people decide and the majority rules. Drawing on historical and contemporary data alongside a deep knowledge of court battles during presidencies ranging from FDR to Donald Trump, Kevin J. McMahon charts the developments that brought us here. McMahon offers insight into the altered politics of nominating and confirming justices, the shifting pool of Supreme Court hopefuls, and the increased salience of the Court in elections. A Supreme Court Unlike Any Other is an eye-opening account of today’s Court within the context of US history and the broader structure of contemporary politics.
Sustainability Leadership: Wie Führungskräfte mitteltständischer Unternehmen Nachhaltigkeit verankern können (essentials)
by Wolfgang Zimmermann Felix Richter Andre StuerDas Buch zeigt, wie Mittelstands- und Familienunternehmen die Nachhaltigkeitswende ihres Unternehmens mit Hilfe von Sustainability Leadership meistern können. Denn zunehmende staatliche Vorgaben und die ökologische Transformation veranlassen viele Unternehmer dazu, sich aktiv mit dem Thema auseinanderzusetzen. Dabei stehen Unternehmen und Organisationen vor neuen Herausforderungen – alte Führungs- und Managementmuster passen nicht mehr. Als Führungskraft ist es nicht immer leicht, angesichts hoher Komplexität und Unsicherheit die Orientierung zu behalten und die eigene Unternehmensstrategie mit den Bedürfnissen von Mitarbeitenden und externen Stakeholdern in Einklang zu bringen. Die Autoren zeigen anhand von praxisnahen Beispielen und konkreten Werkzeugen einen ganzheitlichen und integrativen Leadershipansatz auf, wie Führungskräfte mittelständischer Unternehmen Nachhaltigkeit erfolgreich in ihrem Unternehmen verankern können. Besonders bemerkenswert: Dies kann die Geburtsstunde eines „Unternehmertum 2.0“ sein. Es basiert auf den oftmals tiefen Wurzeln des Unternehmens und neuen, innovativen Perspektiven. Interviews mit Unternehmerpersönlichkeiten vermitteln Impulse und geben Einblicke zu ihren Erfahrungen mit der Nachhaltigkeitstransformation.
Sustainability Objectives in Competition and Intellectual Property Law (LIDC Contributions on Antitrust Law, Intellectual Property and Unfair Competition)
by Pranvera Këllezi Pierre Kobel Bruce KilpatrickThis open access volume of LIDC contributions focuses on how competition and intellectual property laws incorporate sustainability objectives. Businesses are increasingly embracing sustainability objectives, driven by the international community. Although competition and intellectual property law are certainly not the only tools for addressing sustainability issues, they can play a role in moving toward a more sustainable society.Sustainability has gained prominence in competition law in all jurisdictions covered in this volume. The contributions focus on classic questions such as whether sustainability agreements restrict competition and, if so, to what extent businesses can be exempted on efficiency grounds. The papers also raise a number of questions, in particular concerning the treatment of non-market efficiencies. The soft law and case law produced by competition authorities are examined, and the leadership role of some competition authorities in the field – from advocacy to policy papers and sustainability guidelines – is highlighted. The authors call for more individual guidance to provide enhanced transparency and clarity to industry, advisors and society at large on sustainability issues, with guidelines or sustainability-related block exemptions providing even greater legal certainty.With regard to intellectual property, the contributions examine various important issues, such as the need for intellectual property rights to remain technology-neutral, ways to promote the use of sustainable technologies and incentives for licensing, and ways to promote the dissemination of sustainable technologies, including compulsory licensing, cross-licensing, open source or FRAND licensing, and replacing the destruction of counterfeit goods with recycling. The papers also discuss greenwashing and how it can be addressed through revisions to trademarks and related rights.
Sustainable and Responsible Business in Africa: Studies in Ethical Leadership
by Rose Ogbechie Marvel OgahThis book provides a transnational African perspective on business management concerns and business ethics by examining the concepts of responsible business practices and sustainability across sub-Saharan Africa. Covering topics ranging from ethical advertisement to responsible pricing to waste management for sustainable business, it highlights the importance of consciously and deliberately inculcating responsible practices in the creation and operation of business activities within a corporate context to achieve sustainability in African markets. The book employs a case-by-case method for treating issues in responsible business practice and sustainability, with contributions illustrating responsible and irresponsible business practices across various areas of business management. Relevant to the UN Sustainable Development Goals, it will be of great importance to academics and students of responsible business, sustainability, business ethics and African business more broadly. It will also be a helpful guide for professionals and business owners to understand some salient issues in navigating sustainable business practices in Africa.
Sustainable Development Goal 16 and the Global Governance of Violence: Critical Reflections on the Uncertain Future of Peace (Routledge Studies in Sustainable Development)
This book brings together a diverse range of scholars and practitioners working at the nexus of peace and development to reflect, at the mid-way point of the Sustainable Development Goals implementation period, what impact Goal 16 has made, or may yet make, toward reducing violence in ‘all its forms.’ Adopted in 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals include 17 objectives designed to shape and direct the global development agenda through to 2030, with Goal 16 aiming to promote ‘peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development.’ Amidst an ongoing global pandemic, evidence of a fracturing liberal international order, and the persistence of seemingly intractable conflict in large parts of the world, this volume takes stock of current progress toward providing access to justice and ensuring inclusive and democratic institutions. Across 15 chapters, the book’s contributors explore the universal aspirations of Goal 16 and its specific implications for conflict-affected states, which continue to experience ‘development in reverse,’ and for historically marginalized groups such as women, youth, the disabled, and indigenous peoples. In doing so, it offers a comprehensive assessment of Goal 16’s broader contribution to the creation of a more just, peaceful world against the realities of societies emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic and grappling with a deepening climate crisis. This volume will appeal to scholars, researchers, policymakers, and postgraduate students in sustainable development, global governance, international relations, global development, international law, and political science.
Sustainable Development Goal 16 and the Global Governance of Violence: Critical Reflections on the Uncertain Future of Peace (Routledge Studies in Sustainable Development)
by Timothy Donais Alistair D. Edgar Kirsten Van HoutenThis book brings together a diverse range of scholars and practitioners working at the nexus of peace and development to reflect, at the mid-way point of the Sustainable Development Goals implementation period, what impact Goal 16 has made, or may yet make, toward reducing violence in ‘all its forms.’ Adopted in 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals include 17 objectives designed to shape and direct the global development agenda through to 2030, with Goal 16 aiming to promote ‘peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development.’ Amidst an ongoing global pandemic, evidence of a fracturing liberal international order, and the persistence of seemingly intractable conflict in large parts of the world, this volume takes stock of current progress toward providing access to justice and ensuring inclusive and democratic institutions. Across 15 chapters, the book’s contributors explore the universal aspirations of Goal 16 and its specific implications for conflict-affected states, which continue to experience ‘development in reverse,’ and for historically marginalized groups such as women, youth, the disabled, and indigenous peoples. In doing so, it offers a comprehensive assessment of Goal 16’s broader contribution to the creation of a more just, peaceful world against the realities of societies emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic and grappling with a deepening climate crisis. This volume will appeal to scholars, researchers, policymakers, and postgraduate students in sustainable development, global governance, international relations, global development, international law, and political science.
Sustainable Development Through Global Circular Economy Practices
by Stuart Maguire Ian RobsonThe battle to preserve the environment is only just beginning – organisations and governments cannot underestimate the public outcry for cleaner environments and an end to increases in global warming. The Circular Economy has been able to tap into the current zeitgeist and is being coveted by many academic disciplines. Offering a detailed overview of what is required to move towards a circular economy by providing a series of cases alongside each chapter that illustrate practice in relation to theory, Maguire and Robson deliver a lens through which academics and students can explore what is emerging as state of the art. The chapters contain a critical and balanced treatment of theory and practice on the subjects of sustainable development and the circular economy, setting out and evaluating the theoretical landscape alongside a grand narrative drawn from systems thinking and the environmental, social, and governance paradigms. For students, academics and practitioners, Sustainable Development Through Global Circular Economy Practices is a go-to book with original insights from a theoretical perspective about how the global economy integrates, and how this integration can be leveraged to move practice toward sustainable practice.
Sustainable Development Through Global Circular Economy Practices
by Stuart Maguire Ian RobsonThe battle to preserve the environment is only just beginning – organisations and governments cannot underestimate the public outcry for cleaner environments and an end to increases in global warming. The Circular Economy has been able to tap into the current zeitgeist and is being coveted by many academic disciplines. Offering a detailed overview of what is required to move towards a circular economy by providing a series of cases alongside each chapter that illustrate practice in relation to theory, Maguire and Robson deliver a lens through which academics and students can explore what is emerging as state of the art. The chapters contain a critical and balanced treatment of theory and practice on the subjects of sustainable development and the circular economy, setting out and evaluating the theoretical landscape alongside a grand narrative drawn from systems thinking and the environmental, social, and governance paradigms. For students, academics and practitioners, Sustainable Development Through Global Circular Economy Practices is a go-to book with original insights from a theoretical perspective about how the global economy integrates, and how this integration can be leveraged to move practice toward sustainable practice.
Sustainable Finance Fundamentals
by Carlos VargasSustainable Finance Fundamentals provides an accessible overview of this critical, rapidly growing area at the intersection of finance and sustainability. The first part showcases different approaches to sustainable finance, covering banking, impact investing, integrated reporting and strategy, and risk management. The second part covers investing, including equity, green bonds, and crowdfunding. In the final part, issues beyond sustainable finance, such as alternative investments, renewable energy, and innovation, are explored. In addition, two optional appendices provide useful introductions to the time value of money (TVM) and financial statements. Ethical and regulatory issues are addressed holistically throughout the book and sustainable finance is linked to related topics, such as environmental economics and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Each chapter has an international focus and features examples, "in a nutshell" summaries, and discussion questions. Whether you are a student or professional, Sustainable Finance Fundamentals is essential reading for anyone looking to gain a comprehensive understanding of sustainable finance, impact investing, and related areas. Lecture slides and teaching notes are also available for instructors, making this book an ideal text for courses on sustainable finance.
Sustainable Finance Fundamentals
by Carlos VargasSustainable Finance Fundamentals provides an accessible overview of this critical, rapidly growing area at the intersection of finance and sustainability. The first part showcases different approaches to sustainable finance, covering banking, impact investing, integrated reporting and strategy, and risk management. The second part covers investing, including equity, green bonds, and crowdfunding. In the final part, issues beyond sustainable finance, such as alternative investments, renewable energy, and innovation, are explored. In addition, two optional appendices provide useful introductions to the time value of money (TVM) and financial statements. Ethical and regulatory issues are addressed holistically throughout the book and sustainable finance is linked to related topics, such as environmental economics and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Each chapter has an international focus and features examples, "in a nutshell" summaries, and discussion questions. Whether you are a student or professional, Sustainable Finance Fundamentals is essential reading for anyone looking to gain a comprehensive understanding of sustainable finance, impact investing, and related areas. Lecture slides and teaching notes are also available for instructors, making this book an ideal text for courses on sustainable finance.
Sustainable Finances and the Law: Between Public and Private Solutions (Economic Analysis of Law in European Legal Scholarship #16)
by Rute Saraiva Paulo Alves PardalSustainable (public and private) finance is closely interlinked with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The latter focus on enhancing the protection of both social and environmental assets at the local and global level, from the real economy and everyday life to financial markets and public policies, thereby laying the groundwork for a transition. Global sustainability challenges – including climate change, natural resource depletion, and rising inequality – are affecting the commercial environment and real economy in a way that presents both risks and opportunities for the private and public financial sectors. On the one hand, policymakers and investors (including banks and pensions funds) are increasingly recognizing the environment’s implications for the financial sector through both physical and transitional risks, producing impacts on financial services and products, not to mention corporate governance. On the other hand, governments and European and international institutions are aware of their sustainability-related responsibilities and the consequences of their actions. Both regulate and supervise financial markets but also use their budgetary and tax policies (e.g. carbon tax) and their participation in financial markets (e.g. green bonds and development banks) to overcome sustainability challenges. Therefore, the objective of this book is to help readers understand how private and public financial systems can be modified to create better value for society through sustainable approaches and initiatives such as the integration of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors in investment, procurement, and budgeting.
Sustainable Housing in a Circular Economy
by Naomi Keena Avi FriedmanThis book relates circular economy principles to housing design and construction and highlights how those principles can result in both monetary savings, positive environmental impact, and socio-ecological change.Chapters focus on three key circular economy principles and apply them to architectural construction and design, namely rethinking of the end-of-use phase of a building and the potential of design-for-disassembly; the role of digitization and data standardization in fostering evidence-based circular economy design decision-making; and presenting space as a resource to conserve, via exploration of the sharing economy and flexibility principles. Beyond waste management and material cycles, this book provides a holistic understanding of the opportunities across the building life cycle that can allow for sustainable and affordable circular housing. With case studies from 13 different countries, including but not limited to the Hammarby Sjöstad district in Sweden, the Circle House in Denmark, Benny Farm in Canada, VMD Prefabricated House in Mexico, and the Deep Performance Dwelling in China, authors pair theoretical frameworks with real-world examples.This will be a useful resource for upper-level students and academics of architecture, construction, and planning, especially those studying and researching housing design, building technology, green project management, and environmental design.
Sustainable Housing in a Circular Economy
by Naomi Keena Avi FriedmanThis book relates circular economy principles to housing design and construction and highlights how those principles can result in both monetary savings, positive environmental impact, and socio-ecological change.Chapters focus on three key circular economy principles and apply them to architectural construction and design, namely rethinking of the end-of-use phase of a building and the potential of design-for-disassembly; the role of digitization and data standardization in fostering evidence-based circular economy design decision-making; and presenting space as a resource to conserve, via exploration of the sharing economy and flexibility principles. Beyond waste management and material cycles, this book provides a holistic understanding of the opportunities across the building life cycle that can allow for sustainable and affordable circular housing. With case studies from 13 different countries, including but not limited to the Hammarby Sjöstad district in Sweden, the Circle House in Denmark, Benny Farm in Canada, VMD Prefabricated House in Mexico, and the Deep Performance Dwelling in China, authors pair theoretical frameworks with real-world examples.This will be a useful resource for upper-level students and academics of architecture, construction, and planning, especially those studying and researching housing design, building technology, green project management, and environmental design.
Sustainable Management of Transnational Megaprojects (Routledge-Giappichelli Studies in Business and Management)
by Dario Cottafava Daniel Torchia Stefania Camoletto Laura CorazzaThis book analyses the seminal role of megaprojects for sustainable development, and the related, complex challenges they bring. It provides insights into the growing social responsibilities that megaprojects have, not only to be environmentally sustainable, but also towards the multitude of stakeholders involved, whether directly or indirectly. After an historical overview of the increasingly necessary links between sustainable infrastructure and megaprojects, the book builds on and applies stakeholder theory to stakeholder engagement and management in megaprojects. It also emphasizes the importance of building impact assessment frameworks that consider the unheard voices that are often passively sitting at the receiving end of a megaproject, as well as the local context where the megaproject is embedded. The book then proceeds to analyse the case of a very contested transnational railway megaproject between Italy and France, the Turin-Lyon high-speed railway, which has been suffering from stakeholder and communication issues for over thirty years, as well as from notable managerial and legal differences in the two countries. In this way, the book informs both theory and practice and encourages scholarly interventions into wicked problems. It contains a comprehensive review of the academic literature on the sustainability, sustainability challenges, and sustainability reporting of megaprojects. Conceptual models, frameworks and future research opportunities are provided to clarify the empirical challenges and highlight the gaps and opportunities to be explored by researchers and practitioners in future. The audience for the book is both academic researchers and practitioners in the field of megaprojects and more specifically, those dealing with managing transnational megaprojects. It also includes several topics that will be of interest to policy and decision-makers.
Sustainable Management of Transnational Megaprojects (Routledge-Giappichelli Studies in Business and Management)
by Dario Cottafava Daniel Torchia Stefania Camoletto Laura CorazzaThis book analyses the seminal role of megaprojects for sustainable development, and the related, complex challenges they bring. It provides insights into the growing social responsibilities that megaprojects have, not only to be environmentally sustainable, but also towards the multitude of stakeholders involved, whether directly or indirectly. After an historical overview of the increasingly necessary links between sustainable infrastructure and megaprojects, the book builds on and applies stakeholder theory to stakeholder engagement and management in megaprojects. It also emphasizes the importance of building impact assessment frameworks that consider the unheard voices that are often passively sitting at the receiving end of a megaproject, as well as the local context where the megaproject is embedded. The book then proceeds to analyse the case of a very contested transnational railway megaproject between Italy and France, the Turin-Lyon high-speed railway, which has been suffering from stakeholder and communication issues for over thirty years, as well as from notable managerial and legal differences in the two countries. In this way, the book informs both theory and practice and encourages scholarly interventions into wicked problems. It contains a comprehensive review of the academic literature on the sustainability, sustainability challenges, and sustainability reporting of megaprojects. Conceptual models, frameworks and future research opportunities are provided to clarify the empirical challenges and highlight the gaps and opportunities to be explored by researchers and practitioners in future. The audience for the book is both academic researchers and practitioners in the field of megaprojects and more specifically, those dealing with managing transnational megaprojects. It also includes several topics that will be of interest to policy and decision-makers.
Taking Responsibility for Climate Change
by Säde HormioThis book proposes that it is not only states and international bodies that have a responsibility to take action toward mitigating climate change. Other collective agents, such as corporations, need to also come onboard. Additionally, the book argues that climate change is not solely a problem for collective agents, but also for individuals, as they are members of collectives and groups of several kinds. Therefore, framing climate change responsibility exclusively from either the collective or the individual perspective leaves out something crucial: how we all are influenced by the collectives we belong to and how, in turn, collectives are influenced by individuals. The focus of the book is on areas of climate change responsibility that are often left out of the picture or get too little attention in climate ethics, such as carbon inequality within countries. But why should any theoretical arguments about normative issues matter when we have a real-life climate crisis on our hands? Säde Hormio argues that ethical arguments have an important role in setting climate policy: they can highlight what values are at stake and help ground normative arguments in public deliberations.
A Tale of Two Cities: A Comparison of Air Pollution Governance in the Los Angeles Area of the USA and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area of China (Energy and Environmental Law and Policy Series #42)
by Xi Wang Richard OttingerThe successful reduction of urban air pollution is among the notable achievements of modern environmental law and policy. This remarkable study, focusing on two of the world’s most prominent cases, explores how people in the areas of Los Angeles and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) established governance processes to combat air pollution and how the major actors in each area worked to make their region a better place to live. Employing the expertise of teams of knowledgeable environmental law experts from both China and the United States, the authors identify and analyze similarities and differences in the respective legal and policy experiences as actors succeeded in greatly improving the air quality of their areas. <p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt" class="MsoBodyText"><span style="color:black;background:white;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Underpinned by a model of environmental governance developed by the authors and presenting an abundance of first-hand information from both areas, the study finds that, despite broad political and cultural differences in both regions, three political relations in governance processes emerge as enablers of effective reduction of air pollution: <p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt" class="MsoBodyText"> <p style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoBodyText"> <span style="color:black;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">relation between regulators and the regulated communities; <p style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoBodyText"> <span style="color:black;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">relation between all the supervisory political entities, such as legislatures, etc., and regulators; and <p style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoBodyText"> <span style="color:black;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">relation between civil society (including news media and nongovernmental organizations) and polluters. <p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt" class="MsoBodyText">Specific areas of regulation covered include transportation, ports, energy efficiency, utilities, oil refineries<span style="color:black;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN">, building efficiency, renewable energy, coal dependency, and optimizing energy structure. <p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt" class="MsoBodyText"> <p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt" class="MsoBodyText">With its sound, replicable model, its solid findings, and its enlightening conclusions, this incomparable work will prove of immeasurable value to administrative authorities and counsel worldwide engaged in combating air pollution. Moreover, its creative methodology is a signal contribution to the comparative study of environmental law and policy.
Taming the Machine: Ethically Harness the Power of AI
by Nell WatsonAI promises to transform our world, supercharging productivity and driving new innovations. Taming the Machine uncovers how you can responsibly harness the power of AI with confidence.AI has the potential to become a personal assistant, a creative partner, an editor and a research tool all at once. But it also represents a threat to your livelihood, data and privacy. Taming the Machine offers the practical insights and knowledge you need to work with AI with an ethical and responsible approach.In this book, celebrated AI expert and ethicist Nell Watson offers practical insights on how you can ethically innovate with AI. It delves into the ethical issues of unbridled AI, highlighting the challenges that it will bring to society and business unless we fortify cybersecurity, safeguard our data, and understand the dangerous potential of artificial intelligence.Step into the future and supercharge your performance safely by Taming the Machine.
Tax Compliance and Risk Management: Perspectives from Central and Eastern Europe (Routledge Research in Tax Law)
The concept of tax compliance is as old as the tax itself, but staying compliant with tax regulations has become increasingly demanding. A changing tax regulatory environment, resulting from regulatory actions of the OECD, the European Union and national governments, poses many problems for tax compliance awareness. This book explores various approaches to improving tax compliance. Starting with the procedures and processes that are at the centre of the debate, it includes the level of tax position security obtained as a result of cooperation between tax administration and an organisation, ending with tax compliance requirements imposed by one-sided action of tax administration. Offering an experience and evidence-based analysis of how tax compliance influences an organisation’s tax and financial position, the issues are examined from both a theoretical and a practical perspective, using empirical research and case studies with an international dimension for illustration. Emphasising a holistic approach to tax compliance and its role in tax risk management within an organisation, this study offers a framework for making the challenging task of tax compliance and risk management more effective and more efficient. Exploring tax compliance focusing on the tax world after the BEPS project and anti-tax evasion and anti-tax avoidance regulatory actions undertaken by the European Union and OECD, the book has a practical focus on tax system design within the organisation and will be of interest to students, researchers and practitioners working in the areas of tax law and tax compliance.
Tax Compliance and Risk Management: Perspectives from Central and Eastern Europe (Routledge Research in Tax Law)
by Piotr Karwat Katarzyna Kimla-Walenda Aleksander WernerThe concept of tax compliance is as old as the tax itself, but staying compliant with tax regulations has become increasingly demanding. A changing tax regulatory environment, resulting from regulatory actions of the OECD, the European Union and national governments, poses many problems for tax compliance awareness. This book explores various approaches to improving tax compliance. Starting with the procedures and processes that are at the centre of the debate, it includes the level of tax position security obtained as a result of cooperation between tax administration and an organisation, ending with tax compliance requirements imposed by one-sided action of tax administration. Offering an experience and evidence-based analysis of how tax compliance influences an organisation’s tax and financial position, the issues are examined from both a theoretical and a practical perspective, using empirical research and case studies with an international dimension for illustration. Emphasising a holistic approach to tax compliance and its role in tax risk management within an organisation, this study offers a framework for making the challenging task of tax compliance and risk management more effective and more efficient. Exploring tax compliance focusing on the tax world after the BEPS project and anti-tax evasion and anti-tax avoidance regulatory actions undertaken by the European Union and OECD, the book has a practical focus on tax system design within the organisation and will be of interest to students, researchers and practitioners working in the areas of tax law and tax compliance.