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Crop Protection Strategies For Subsistence Farmers

Top-down approaches to pest management, relying on agrochemical inputs that can be scarce, expensive, ecologically toxic, or inaccessible, have repeatedly failed to solve pest problems that affect small farmers in developing countries. Crop Protection Strategies for Subsistence Farmers offers an alternative. Drawing on examples from Latin Am

Crystal Identification with the Polarizing Microscope

Some of the simpler measurements of optical mineralogy are so precise and powerful that they give satisfaction to beginning students. Not long after mastering the strike and dip of rock surfaces with the Brunton compass, many geology students are able to determine precisely the identity of quartz, or the anorthite content of plagioclase, or the magne­ sium ratio of pyroxene with the polarizing or petrographic microscope, by means of measuring refractive index to better than one part in a thousand. Very little training and almost no theory are needed to achieve these skills. But there inevitably comes a time when theory is needed, either to get on with the art, or simply to reconstruct from first principles what is going on, when rote memory fails. In this book we hope to provide both the rote methods and the theoretical background for practitioners at all levels of experience. We draw from several careers-ours, our colleagues', and our students' -in teaching the subject at various levels of sophistication. Our book is intended to serve the needs of industrial and forensic scientists as well as petrogra­ phers who deal with rocks. Much of our treatment is based on new research, both in matters of presentation and in the optical determination of minerals and other materials.

Data Assimilation: Tools for Modelling the Ocean in a Global Change Perspective (Nato ASI Subseries I: #19)

Data assimilation is considered a key component of numerical ocean model development and new data acquisition strategies. The basic concept of data assimilation is to combine real observations via estimation theory with dynamic models. Related methodologies exist in meteorology, geophysics and engineering. Of growing importance in physical oceanography, data assimilation can also be exploited in biological and chemical oceanography. Such techniques are now recognized as essential to understand the role of the ocean in a global change perspective. The book focuses on data processing algorithms for assimilation, current methods for the assimilation of biogeochemical data, strategy of model development, and the design of observational data for assimilation.

Desertification: Natural Background and Human Mismanagement (Springer Study Edition)

After UNCED (United Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, July 1992), a second edition of Desertification was necessary. About 150 corrections, amendments and additions take scientific progress into account. The author also presents an updated chapter in which the results of UNCED are analyzed. This book aims at an understanding of what is commonly called "desertification" - a term which is proposed to be replaced by "land degradation". Each level of technology, excessive or insufficient, creates its own mismanagement. This is reflected in an increase in land degradation and eventually a decrease in soil productivity. The benefit to the reader is an awareness of the ecozones and a global overview of the phenomena, mechanisms and existing solutions.

Deterministic Chaos in General Relativity (Nato Science Series B: #332)

Nonlinear dynamical systems play an important role in a number of disciplines. The physical, biological, economic and even sociological worlds are comprised of com­ plex nonlinear systems that cannot be broken down into the behavior of their con­ stituents and then reassembled to form the whole. The lack of a superposition principle in such systems has challenged researchers to use a variety of analytic and numerical methods in attempts to understand the interesting nonlinear interactions that occur in the World around us. General relativity is a nonlinear dynamical theory par excellence. Only recently has the nonlinear evolution of the gravitational field described by the theory been tackled through the use of methods used in other disciplines to study the importance of time dependent nonlinearities. The complexity of the equations of general relativity has been (and still remains) a major hurdle in the formulation of concrete mathematical concepts. In the past the imposition of a high degree of symmetry has allowed the construction of exact solutions to the Einstein equations. However, most of those solutions are nonphysical and of those that do have a physical significance, many are often highly idealized or time independent.

Die Ammoniten des süddeutschen Malms: Ein Bestimmungsbuch für Geologen und Fossiliensammler

Nach bewährtem Vorbild enthält dieser Band die handlichen Bestimmungstabellen und großformatigen Bildtafeln von 483 Ammoniten-Arten der Malmregionen von Schwäbischer und Fränkischer Alb einschließlich ihrer Ausläufer. Weitere 153 Arten werden im Text beschrieben. Die angewandte Systematik stützt sich wiederum auf die neuere umfangreiche Spezialliteratur. Der einführende Teil bietet neben einer Übersicht zur stammesgeschichtlichen Entwicklung eine ausführliche Erläuterung der stratigraphischen Besonderheiten des schwäbischen und fränkischen Malmgebietes. Ein umfassendes Register aller Art- und Gattungsnamen macht auch diesen Band zu einem unentbehrlichen Nachschlagewerk.

Die Erforschung des Chaos: Eine Einführung für Naturwissenschaftler und Ingenieure

Das Buch stellt die grundlegenden Konzepte der Chaos-Theorie und die mathematischen Hilfsmittel so elementar wie möglich dar.

Differential Forms and Applications (Universitext)

An application of differential forms for the study of some local and global aspects of the differential geometry of surfaces. Differential forms are introduced in a simple way that will make them attractive to "users" of mathematics. A brief and elementary introduction to differentiable manifolds is given so that the main theorem, namely Stokes' theorem, can be presented in its natural setting. The applications consist in developing the method of moving frames expounded by E. Cartan to study the local differential geometry of immersed surfaces in R3 as well as the intrinsic geometry of surfaces. This is then collated in the last chapter to present Chern's proof of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem for compact surfaces.

Differentialgleichungen und ihre Anwendungen (Springer-Lehrbuch)

Dieses richtungsweisende Lehrbuch für die Anwendung der Mathematik in anderen Wissenschaftszweigen gibt eine Einführung in die Theorie der gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen. Fortran und APL-Programme geben den Studenten die Möglichkeit, verschiedene numerische Näherungsverfahren an ihrem PC selbst durchzurechnen. Aus den Besprechungen: "Die Darstellung ist überall mathematisch streng und zudem ungemein anregend. Abgesehen von manchen historischen Bemerkungen ... tragen dazu die vielen mit ausführlichem Hintergrund sehr eingehend entwickelten praktischen Anwendungen bei. ... Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird der physikalisch und technisch so wichtigen Frage nach Stabilität von Lösungen eines Systems von Differentialgleichungen gewidmet. Das Buch ist wegen seiner geringen Voraussetzungen und vorzüglichen Didaktik schon für alle Studenten des 3. Semesters geeignet; seine eminent praktische Haltung empfiehlt es aber auch für alle Physiker, die mit Differentialgleichungen und ihren Anwendungen umzugehen haben." #Physikalische Blätter#

Dolomites: A Volume in Honour of Dolomieu (International Association Of Sedimentologists Series #67)

This volume contains 23 state-of-the-art papers presented at the Dolomieu Conference on Carbonate Platforms and Dolomitization held in September 1991 in Ortisei, Italy. The conference was co-sponsored by the International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS) and the Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), and marked the 200th anniversary of the 1791 paper by Deodat de Dolomieu describing dolomite in detail for the first time. The papers presented do not aim to give a complete review of the current state of the dolomitic art, but rather discuss important advances and gaps in our knowledge of dolomitization. State-of-the-art papers from worldwide experts. Includes basic science and economic applications.

Dynamical Systems V: Bifurcation Theory and Catastrophe Theory

Bifurcation theory and catastrophe theory are two well-known areas within the field of dynamical systems. Both are studies of smooth systems, focusing on properties that seem to be manifestly non-smooth. Bifurcation theory is concerned with the sudden changes that occur in a system when one or more parameters are varied. Examples of such are familiar to students of differential equations, from phase portraits. Understanding the bifurcations of the differential equations that describe real physical systems provides important information about the behavior of the systems. Catastrophe theory became quite famous during the 1970's, mostly because of the sensation caused by the usually less than rigorous applications of its principal ideas to "hot topics", such as the characterization of personalities and the difference between a "genius" and a "maniac". Catastrophe theory is accurately described as singularity theory and its (genuine) applications. The authors of this book, previously published as Volume 5 of the Encyclopaedia, have given a masterly exposition of these two theories, with penetrating insight.

Dynamical Systems VII: Integrable Systems Nonholonomic Dynamical Systems (Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences #16)

A collection of five surveys on dynamical systems, indispensable for graduate students and researchers in mathematics and theoretical physics. Written in the modern language of differential geometry, the book covers all the new differential geometric and Lie-algebraic methods currently used in the theory of integrable systems.

Dynamics: Accompanying Computer Program Dynamics (Applied Mathematical Sciences #101)

Co-author J.A. Yorke developed an array of tools to help visualize the properties of dynamical systems, while Yorke found it useful to combine these various basic tools into one single package: Dynamics. The program together with this manual provides an introduction to and an overview of fundamental, sophisticated tools and numerical methods together with many simple examples. All numerical methods described in this handbook are implemented in the program, which is capable of, among others: iterating maps and solving differential equations; plotting trajectories; featuring an array of simple commands; printing a created picture in resolution higher than that of the screen. Requires a UNIX workstation running X11 graphics or a PC.

Dynamics of Topological Magnetic Solitons: Experiment and Theory (Springer Tracts in Modern Physics #129)

Dynamics of Topological Magnetic Solitons gives a theoretical and experimental review of the dynamics of high-speed domain walls and Bloch lines. After the introduction of magnetic solitons, experimental methods for the observation of the dynamics of domain walls are presented. Further chapters discuss main features of the stimulated motion of domain walls, their magnetoelastic interaction, stability and relaxation. Finally, the dynamics of domain walls in weak ferromagnets with more than one dimension is treated. The last chapter presents the dynamics of Bloch lines and their clusters. More than 230 references guide the reader to the literature. Physicists will gain new insights in interesting applications of soliton theory in condensed matter physics. Engineers will find new information on magnetooptical effects for further applications.

Dynamics Reported: Expositions in Dynamical Systems New Series: Volume 3 (Dynamics Reported. New Series #3)

DYNAMICS REPORTED reports on recent developments in dynamical systems. Dynamical systems of course originated from ordinary differential equations. Today, dynamical systems cover a much larger area, including dynamical processes described by functional and integral equations, by partial and stochastic differential equations, etc. Dynamical systems have involved remarkably in recent years. A wealth of new phenomena, new ideas and new techniques are proving to be of considerable interest to scientists in rather different fields. It is not surprising that thousands of publications on the theory itself and on its various applications are appearing DYNAMICS REPORTED presents carefully written articles on major subjects in dynamical systems and their applications, addressed not only to specialists but also to a broader range of readers including graduate students. Topics are advanced, while detailed exposition of ideas, restriction to typical results - rather than the most general one- and, last but not least, lucid proofs help to gain the utmost degree of clarity. It is hoped, that DYNAMICS REPORTED will be useful for those entering the field and will stimulate an exchange of ideas among those working in dynamical systems Summer 1991 Christopher K. R. T Jones Drs Kirchgraber Hans-Otto Walther Managing Editors Table of Contents Limit Relative Category and Critical Point Theory G. Fournier, D. Lupo, M. Ramos, M. Willem 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Relative Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3. Relative Cupiength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. Limit Relative Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '" . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5. The Deformation Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 6. Critical Point Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7. Some Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ecology and Conservation of Southeast Asian Marine and Freshwater Environments including Wetlands (Developments in Hydrobiology #98)

A major concern among ecologists in and outside the ASEAN region is the degradation of the environment, and the overexploitation of freshwater and marine resources. There is as yet no indication that freshwater and marine resources are being managed on a sustainable basis, and loss of wetlands, whether freshwater swamps or mangrove swamps, is a major problem in the ASEAN region. Reclamation of mangrove swamps for aquaculture and agriculture seems to be a continuous activity here and the status of marine parks should also be examined in the light of recent resort development acitivities on small islands. This volume contains numerous recommendations for the promotion of ecological studies and regional cooperation in marine, freshwater ecology and conservation, with special emphasis on the common water masses like the Strait of Malacca, Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea.

Economics of Natural Resources, the Environment and Policies

The economic activities of humanity, particularly during the last couple of cen­ turies, have had a profound impact on the natural environment. Fast depletion of the world's forest resources, fish stocks, fossil fuels and mine deposits have raised many moral as well as practical questions concerning present and future generations. Furthermore, a number of global environmental problems such as acid rain, the 'greenhouse effect' and depletion of the ozone layer are causing concern throughout the world. What does economics say about the exploitation of nature's scarce resources? This book, which is a much expanded version of an earlier publication, Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, aims mostly at final-year undergraduates reading subjects such as economics, business studies, environ­ mental science, forestry, marine biology, agriculture and development studies. There is also a good deal of material - especially in the chapters on fisheries, forestry, valuation and discounting - that post-graduate students may find useful as stepping-stones. The material presented stems from my lectures to final-year students at the University of Ulster during the last 12 years, and some of my ongoing research work. When I moved to Northern Ireland in 1982 I was given a course called 'Economics of Exhaustible Resources' to teach. This has changed its title and focus a number of times along with the structure of the University. My early reading lists included a number of journal articles and books written on the sub­ ject.

The Economics of the Tropical Timber Trade (Routledge Revivals)

Originally published in 1994, The Economics of the Tropical Timber Trade provides a detailed analysis of the economic linkages between the trade and forest degradation. Based on a report prepared for the ITTO, it looks current and future market conditions at the time of publication, and assesses the impacts on current and future market conditions, and assesses the impacts on tropical forests of both the international timber trade and domestic demand. The authors examine the causes of deforestation and compare the environmental impacts of the timber trade with other factors, such as the conversion of the forests to agriculture. Finally, they assess the national and international trade policy options, and discuss the potential role of interventions in the international timber trade in promoting efficient and sustainable use of forest resources. The book will be of interest to those concerned with forest management and policy, trade and environment, and with the economics of conversation and resource use.

The Economics of the Tropical Timber Trade (Routledge Revivals)

Originally published in 1994, The Economics of the Tropical Timber Trade provides a detailed analysis of the economic linkages between the trade and forest degradation. Based on a report prepared for the ITTO, it looks current and future market conditions at the time of publication, and assesses the impacts on current and future market conditions, and assesses the impacts on tropical forests of both the international timber trade and domestic demand. The authors examine the causes of deforestation and compare the environmental impacts of the timber trade with other factors, such as the conversion of the forests to agriculture. Finally, they assess the national and international trade policy options, and discuss the potential role of interventions in the international timber trade in promoting efficient and sustainable use of forest resources. The book will be of interest to those concerned with forest management and policy, trade and environment, and with the economics of conversation and resource use.

EDV-Einsatz in Umweltschutz und Landschaftsplanung: Datengrundlagen, Landschaftsplanung, Abfallentsorgung, Integration

Effects of Land-Use Change on Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations: South and Southeast Asia as a Case Study (Ecological Studies #101)

Roger C. Dahlman Environmental Sciences Division U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C. The potential for humans to alter Earth's atmosphere has been recognized since the end of the 19th century when Arrhenius estimated that a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide could alter the atmospheric radiation balance and raise average global temperature. Today, atmospheric CO concentrations play an important part in the 2 climate-change debate. Sources and sinks of CO associated with land use can be 2 significant determinants of the rate and magnitude of atmospheric CO change. 2 Combustion of fossil fuels and the deforestation associated with land-use change both contribute CO to the atmosphere; in contrast, biological processes on land create 2 potential sinks for the excess CO . Thus, land-use change and associated biological 2 processes become important elements in assessments of future atmospheric CO 2 increase; land-cover properties also affect the Earth's albedo, which is a climate feedback.

Einführung in die Abfallwirtschaft

Als ich 1972 meine Tätigkeit im Institut für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft an der TH Hannover begann, war das Fachgebiet Abfallwirtschaft noch kein Vorlesungsfach. Es war die Zeit der Müllkurse in Hannover und Stuttgart. An den Hochschulen entwickelten sich unterschiedliche Forschungsschwerpunkte. So standen in Braunschweig Sickerwasserfragen und die Weiterentwicklung der Rotte­ deponie, in Stuttgart die Deponiegasforschung und Kompostierung im Vordergrund. In Hannover bildeten Sammlung und Transport sowie Recyclingfragen und in Berlin die Kompostierung weitere Schwerpunkte. Da mehr als 70 % aller Abfälle deponiert wurden und Sammlung und Transport ca. 70 % der Kosten verursachten, lag hier das Hauptgewicht des Interesses. In der Deponieforschung kam man zur Einsicht, daß die Deponie nicht nur als reine Ablage­ rung anzusehen ist, sondern daß biologische Umsetzungen die Gas- und Sickerwas­ serbildung stark beeinflussen. Die Deponie als Bioreaktor sollte gezielt stabilisiert werden. Es hat sich allerdings inzwischen gezeigt, daß eine biologische Inertisierung mit der bisherigen überwiegend anaeroben direkten Deponierung kaum oder nur in sehr langen Zeiträumen möglich ist. Gleichzeitig werden durch die veränderte Lebensweise unserer Gesellschaft immer mehr Abfälle, insbesondere an Verpackungsgut produziert, so daß die Müllberge ständig angewachsen sind. Die Novelle des Abfallgesetzes im Jahre 1986 brachte dann eine Veränderung in der Abfallbewältigung. Die Vermeidung, Verminderung und Verwertung wurden stärker hervorgehoben. Dieser rechtliche Rahmen hatte zunächst noch keine unmittelbaren Auswirkungen, da zwar viel von Recycling gesprochen wurde, aber nur an wenigen Stellen konkrete Projekte realisiert wurden.

Ejnar Hertzsprung: Pionier der Sternforschung

Die moderne Astrophysik verdankt Hertzsprung entscheidende Erkenntnisse. Wenig bekannt ist sein Leben, das hier ein kundiger Fachmann spannend beschreibt. In D.B. Herrmanns Buch wird nicht nur Persönlichkeit und Werk von Hertzsprung lebendig, sondern auch die astronomische Forschung seiner Zeit. Concise text: Die moderne Astrophysik verdankt Hertzsprung entscheidende Erkenntnisse. Wenig bekannt ist sein Leben, das hier von einem kundigen Fachmann spannend beschrieben wird.

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Turbulence: Evaluation and Application of Mellin Transforms (Springer Series on Wave Phenomena #18)

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Turbulence is devoted to a method for obtaining analytical solutions to problems of electromagnetic wave propagation in turbulence. In a systematic way the monograph presents the Mellin transforms to evaluate analytically integrals that are not in integral tables. Ample examples of application are outlined and solutions for many problems in turbulence theory are given. The method itself relates to asymptotic results that are applicable to a broad class of problems for which many asymptotic methods had to be employed previously.

Electroweak Physics and the Early Universe (Nato Science Series B: #338)

Proceedings of a NATO ARW held in Sintra, Portugal, March 23-25, 1994