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Historic Construction and Conservation: Materials, Systems and Damage
by Pere Roca Paulo B. Lourenço Angelo GaetaniConservation in the built environment raises fundamental questions which have been debated for centuries - what is worth preserving, how is it possible, why is it important? This book takes a modern approach to the meaning of a heritage structure and its conservation. The historical evolution of conservation is briefly addressed, considering prominent individuals and cases; along with the history of construction, focusing on materials and related structural elements, with insight on the sizing rules adopted by masons. This explains structural decisions made during the construction process and allows comparison of scientific theories from the 18th century to modern understanding of limit analysis. Damage and collapse mechanisms for masonry construction, as the most widespread structural form for historical buildings, is described. Excess permanent loading and settlement is differentiated from environmental and anthropogenic actions such as earthquake or incorrect intervention. The team of authors brings together unique expertise, with high level research and leading practice with archetypical cases from around the world. The book addresses the history of conservation by exploring materials and structures and the history of construction and damage, so it is of value to students and professionals in civil engineering and architecture, as well as archaeologists and art historians.
The Routledge Companion to Art Deco (Routledge Art History and Visual Studies Companions)
by Bridget Elliott Michael WindoverScholarly interest in Art Deco has grown rapidly over the past fifty years, spanning different academic disciplines. This volume provides a guide to the current state of the field of Art Deco research by highlighting past accomplishments and promising new directions. Chapters are presented in five sections based on key concepts: migration, public culture, fashion, politics, and Art Deco’s afterlife in heritage restoration and new media. The book provides a range of perspectives on and approaches to these issues, as well as to the concept of Art Deco itself. It highlights the slipperiness of Art Deco yet points to its potential to shed new light on the complexities of modernity.
American Colonisation and the City Beautiful: Filipinos and Planning in the Philippines, 1916-35
by Ian MorleyAmerican Colonisation and the City Beautiful explores the history of city planning and the evolution of the built environment in the Philippines between 1916 and 1935. In so doing, it highlights the activities of the Bureau of Public Works’ Division of Architecture as part of Philippine national development and decolonisation. Morley provides new archival materials which deliver significant insight into the dynamics associated with both governance and city planning during the American colonial era in the Philippines, with links between prominent American university educators and Filipino architecture students. The book discusses the two cities of Tayabas and Iloilo which highlight the significant role in the urban design of places beyond the typical historiographical focus of Manila and Baguio. These examples will aid in further understanding the appearance and meaning of Philippine cities during an important era in the nation’s history. Including numerous black and white images, this book is essential for academics, researchers and students of city and urban planning, the history and development of Southeast Asia and those interested in colonial relations.
Historic Construction and Conservation: Materials, Systems and Damage
by Pere Roca Paulo B. Lourenço Angelo GaetaniConservation in the built environment raises fundamental questions which have been debated for centuries - what is worth preserving, how is it possible, why is it important? This book takes a modern approach to the meaning of a heritage structure and its conservation. The historical evolution of conservation is briefly addressed, considering prominent individuals and cases; along with the history of construction, focusing on materials and related structural elements, with insight on the sizing rules adopted by masons. This explains structural decisions made during the construction process and allows comparison of scientific theories from the 18th century to modern understanding of limit analysis. Damage and collapse mechanisms for masonry construction, as the most widespread structural form for historical buildings, is described. Excess permanent loading and settlement is differentiated from environmental and anthropogenic actions such as earthquake or incorrect intervention. The team of authors brings together unique expertise, with high level research and leading practice with archetypical cases from around the world. The book addresses the history of conservation by exploring materials and structures and the history of construction and damage, so it is of value to students and professionals in civil engineering and architecture, as well as archaeologists and art historians.
The Routledge Handbook of Memory and Place
by Sarah De Nardi Hilary Orange Steven High Eerika Koskinen-KoivistoThis Handbook explores the latest cross-disciplinary research on the inter-relationship between memory studies, place, and identity. In the works of dynamic memory, there is room for multiple stories, versions of the past and place understandings, and often resistance to mainstream narratives. Places may live on long after their physical destruction. This collection provides insights into the significant and diverse role memory plays in our understanding of the world around us, in a variety of spaces and temporalities, and through a variety of disciplinary and professional lenses. Many of the chapters in this Handbook explore place-making, its significance in everyday lives, and its loss. Processes of displacement, where people’s place attachments are violently torn asunder, are also considered. Ranging from oral history to forensic anthropology, from folklore studies to cultural geographies and beyond, the chapters in this Handbook reveal multiple and often unexpected facets of the fascinating relationship between place and memory, from the individual to the collective. This is a multi- and intra-disciplinary collection of the latest, most influential approaches to the interwoven and dynamic issues of place and memory. It will be of great use to researchers and academics working across Geography, Tourism, Heritage, Anthropology, Memory Studies, and Archaeology.
The Routledge History of the Domestic Sphere in Europe: 16th to 19th Century (Routledge Histories)
by Joachim EibachThis book addresses the multifaceted history of the domestic sphere in Europe from the Age of Reformation to the emergence of modern society. By focusing on daily practice, interaction and social relations, it shows continuities and social change in European history from an interior perspective. The Routledge History of the Domestic Sphere in Europe contains a variety of approaches from different regions that each pose a challenge to commonplace views such as the emergence of confessional cultures, of private life, and of separate spheres of men and women. By analyzing a plethora of manifold sources including diaries, court records, paintings and domestic advice literature, this volume provides an overview of the domestic sphere as a location of work and consumption, conflict and cooperation, emotions and intimacy, and devotion and education. The book sheds light on changing relations between spouses, parents and children, masters and servants or apprentices, and humans and animals or plants, thereby exceeding the notion of the modern nuclear family. This volume will be of great use to upper-level graduates, postgraduates and experienced scholars interested in the history of family, household, social space, gender, emotions, material culture, work and private life in early modern and nineteenth-century Europe.
The Routledge Handbook of Memory and Place
by Sarah De Nardi Hilary Orange Steven High Eerika Koskinen-KoivistoThis Handbook explores the latest cross-disciplinary research on the inter-relationship between memory studies, place, and identity. In the works of dynamic memory, there is room for multiple stories, versions of the past and place understandings, and often resistance to mainstream narratives. Places may live on long after their physical destruction. This collection provides insights into the significant and diverse role memory plays in our understanding of the world around us, in a variety of spaces and temporalities, and through a variety of disciplinary and professional lenses. Many of the chapters in this Handbook explore place-making, its significance in everyday lives, and its loss. Processes of displacement, where people’s place attachments are violently torn asunder, are also considered. Ranging from oral history to forensic anthropology, from folklore studies to cultural geographies and beyond, the chapters in this Handbook reveal multiple and often unexpected facets of the fascinating relationship between place and memory, from the individual to the collective. This is a multi- and intra-disciplinary collection of the latest, most influential approaches to the interwoven and dynamic issues of place and memory. It will be of great use to researchers and academics working across Geography, Tourism, Heritage, Anthropology, Memory Studies, and Archaeology.
The Routledge History of the Domestic Sphere in Europe: 16th to 19th Century (Routledge Histories)
by Joachim Eibach Margareth LanzingerThis book addresses the multifaceted history of the domestic sphere in Europe from the Age of Reformation to the emergence of modern society. By focusing on daily practice, interaction and social relations, it shows continuities and social change in European history from an interior perspective. The Routledge History of the Domestic Sphere in Europe contains a variety of approaches from different regions that each pose a challenge to commonplace views such as the emergence of confessional cultures, of private life, and of separate spheres of men and women. By analyzing a plethora of manifold sources including diaries, court records, paintings and domestic advice literature, this volume provides an overview of the domestic sphere as a location of work and consumption, conflict and cooperation, emotions and intimacy, and devotion and education. The book sheds light on changing relations between spouses, parents and children, masters and servants or apprentices, and humans and animals or plants, thereby exceeding the notion of the modern nuclear family. This volume will be of great use to upper-level graduates, postgraduates and experienced scholars interested in the history of family, household, social space, gender, emotions, material culture, work and private life in early modern and nineteenth-century Europe.
Research Methods for Interior Design: Applying Interiority
by Dana E. VauxInterior design has shifted significantly in the past fifty years from a focus on home decoration within family and consumer sciences to a focus on the impact of health and safety within the interior environment. This shift has called for a deeper focus in evidence-based research for interior design education and practice. Research Methods for Interior Design provides a broad range of qualitative and quantitative examples, each highlighted as a case of interior design research. Each chapter is supplemented with an in-depth introduction, additional questions, suggested exercises, and additional research references. The book’s subtitle, Applying Interiority, identifies one reason why the field of interior design is expanding, namely, all people wish to achieve a subjective sense of well-being within built environments, even when those environments are not defined by walls. The chapters of this book exemplify different ways to comprehend interiority through clearly defined research methodologies. This book is a significant resource for interior design students, educators, and researchers in providing them with an expanded vision of what interior design research can encompass.
Research Methods for Interior Design: Applying Interiority
by David Wang Dana E. VauxInterior design has shifted significantly in the past fifty years from a focus on home decoration within family and consumer sciences to a focus on the impact of health and safety within the interior environment. This shift has called for a deeper focus in evidence-based research for interior design education and practice. Research Methods for Interior Design provides a broad range of qualitative and quantitative examples, each highlighted as a case of interior design research. Each chapter is supplemented with an in-depth introduction, additional questions, suggested exercises, and additional research references. The book’s subtitle, Applying Interiority, identifies one reason why the field of interior design is expanding, namely, all people wish to achieve a subjective sense of well-being within built environments, even when those environments are not defined by walls. The chapters of this book exemplify different ways to comprehend interiority through clearly defined research methodologies. This book is a significant resource for interior design students, educators, and researchers in providing them with an expanded vision of what interior design research can encompass.
Chudley and Greeno's Building Construction Handbook
by Roy Chudley Roger Greeno Karl KovacThe 12th edition of Chudley and Greeno’s Building Construction Handbook remains THE authoritative reference for all construction students and professionals. The principles and processes of construction are explained with the concepts of design included where appropriate. Extensive coverage of building construction practice, techniques and regulations representing both traditional procedures and modern developments are included to provide the most comprehensive and easy to understand guide to building construction. This new edition has been updated to reflect recent changes to the building regulations, as well as new material on modern methods of construction, greater emphasis on sustainability and a new look interior. Chudley and Greeno’s Building Construction Handbook is the essential, easy-to-use resource for undergraduate and vocational students on a wide range of courses including NVQ and BTEC National, through to Higher National Certificate and Diploma, to Foundation and three-year Degree level. It is also a useful practical reference for building designers, contractors and others engaged in the construction industry.
Interior Design: A Global Profession
by Roderick AdamsAs the globe shrinks and the concept of distance diminishes, this text challenges the current status quo by identifying the cohesions and specialisations of design communities across the continents. It sets out an international spatial design landscape, identifying and contouring global design practice and design hotspots from a range of case studies, interviews and design practice perspectives. Using a range of interior environments, the chapters link the origins, trends and perceptions of the interior to create new insight into trans-global design. The book expands, but also coheres the interior design discipline to ensure the subject continues to grow, develop and influence the inhabitations of the world. The book features a wealth of pedagogical elements including: Beautifully designed with over 100 full colour illustrations, photographs and examples of design work Maps and diagrams which highlight hotspots of design across the globe, providing strong graphic information Interview panels featuring professional insights from designers across the globe ‘Employability’ boxes, providing a good tips guide for students gaining employment across the globe ‘International Dimension’ boxes which strengthen the scholarship of studying interior design in a globalised way ‘Design Oddities’ box which brings into focus any new or contextual facts that help contextualise the global interior.
Chudley and Greeno's Building Construction Handbook
by Roy Chudley Roger Greeno Karl KovacThe 12th edition of Chudley and Greeno’s Building Construction Handbook remains THE authoritative reference for all construction students and professionals. The principles and processes of construction are explained with the concepts of design included where appropriate. Extensive coverage of building construction practice, techniques and regulations representing both traditional procedures and modern developments are included to provide the most comprehensive and easy to understand guide to building construction. This new edition has been updated to reflect recent changes to the building regulations, as well as new material on modern methods of construction, greater emphasis on sustainability and a new look interior. Chudley and Greeno’s Building Construction Handbook is the essential, easy-to-use resource for undergraduate and vocational students on a wide range of courses including NVQ and BTEC National, through to Higher National Certificate and Diploma, to Foundation and three-year Degree level. It is also a useful practical reference for building designers, contractors and others engaged in the construction industry.
Interior Design: A Global Profession
by Roderick AdamsAs the globe shrinks and the concept of distance diminishes, this text challenges the current status quo by identifying the cohesions and specialisations of design communities across the continents. It sets out an international spatial design landscape, identifying and contouring global design practice and design hotspots from a range of case studies, interviews and design practice perspectives. Using a range of interior environments, the chapters link the origins, trends and perceptions of the interior to create new insight into trans-global design. The book expands, but also coheres the interior design discipline to ensure the subject continues to grow, develop and influence the inhabitations of the world. The book features a wealth of pedagogical elements including: Beautifully designed with over 100 full colour illustrations, photographs and examples of design work Maps and diagrams which highlight hotspots of design across the globe, providing strong graphic information Interview panels featuring professional insights from designers across the globe ‘Employability’ boxes, providing a good tips guide for students gaining employment across the globe ‘International Dimension’ boxes which strengthen the scholarship of studying interior design in a globalised way ‘Design Oddities’ box which brings into focus any new or contextual facts that help contextualise the global interior.
Structural Restoration of Masonry Monuments: Arches, Domes and Walls
by George G. Penelis Gregory G. PenelisHistoric structures need to be restored in line with international guidance and charters developed by architects and archaeologists, but technical understanding of structural engineering and materials is crucial, particularly with respect to response to earthquake loading. This guide to structural assessment and restoration of masonry monuments and historical buildings outlines the techniques, materials and design procedures used. It begins with principles, theory and practice and then presents case studies. The assessment focusses on Building materials and construction techniques used in the past The mechanics of masonry The structural behaviour of masonry monuments and historical buildings In-situ investigation and laboratory tests for existing and restoration materials. The restoration elaborates on Techniques and materials available for structural restoration Structural analysis and design Deciding on the restoration scheme Emergency measures and protective measures.
Revealing Change in Cultural Landscapes: Material, Spatial and Ecological Considerations
by Catherine HeatheringtonThis book explores different design approaches to revealing change within a landscape, and examines how landscape designers bring together the cultural context of a specific place with material, spatial and ecological considerations. Revealing Change in Cultural Landscapes includes case studies such as Gilles Clément’s Jardin du Tiers-Paysage in France, the Brick Pit in Sydney, Australia and Georges Descombes’ Renaturation of the River Aire in Switzerland to uncover the insights of designers. In doing so, Catherine Heatherington considers the different ways designers approach the revealing of change and how this informs a discussion about people’s perceptions and understanding of landscape. With over 100 images and contributions from Jacky Bowring, Dermot Foley and Krystallia Kamvasinou, this book will be beneficial for students of landscape and landscape architecture, particularly those with an interest in how landscapes change over time and how this is perceived by both designers and visitors.
Place, Pedagogy and Play: Participation, Design and Research with Children
by Matluba KhanPlace, Pedagogy and Play connects landscape architecture with education, psychology, public health and planning. Over the course of thirteen chapters it examines how design and research of places can be approached through multiple lenses – of pedagogy and play and how children, as competent social agents, are engaged in the process of designing their own spaces – and brings a global perspective to the debate around child-friendly environments. Despite growing evidence of the benefits of nature for health, wellbeing, play and learning, children are increasingly spending more time indoors. Indeed, new policy ideas and public campaigns suggest how children can become better connected with nature, yet linking outdoor space to pedagogy is largely overlooked in research. By focusing on three themes within these debates, place and play; place and pedagogy; and place and participation, this book explores a variety of angles to show that best practice requires dialogue between research disciplines, designers, educationists and psychologists, and a move beyond seeing the spaces children inhabit as the domain only of childhood professionals. Through illustrated case studies this book presents a wider picture of the state of childhood today, and offers practical solutions and further research avenues that promote a more holistic and internationally focused perspective on place, pedagogy and play for built-environment professionals. Chapter 12 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
Structural Restoration of Masonry Monuments: Arches, Domes and Walls
by George G. Penelis Gregory G. PenelisHistoric structures need to be restored in line with international guidance and charters developed by architects and archaeologists, but technical understanding of structural engineering and materials is crucial, particularly with respect to response to earthquake loading. This guide to structural assessment and restoration of masonry monuments and historical buildings outlines the techniques, materials and design procedures used. It begins with principles, theory and practice and then presents case studies. The assessment focusses on Building materials and construction techniques used in the past The mechanics of masonry The structural behaviour of masonry monuments and historical buildings In-situ investigation and laboratory tests for existing and restoration materials. The restoration elaborates on Techniques and materials available for structural restoration Structural analysis and design Deciding on the restoration scheme Emergency measures and protective measures.
Revealing Change in Cultural Landscapes: Material, Spatial and Ecological Considerations
by Catherine HeatheringtonThis book explores different design approaches to revealing change within a landscape, and examines how landscape designers bring together the cultural context of a specific place with material, spatial and ecological considerations. Revealing Change in Cultural Landscapes includes case studies such as Gilles Clément’s Jardin du Tiers-Paysage in France, the Brick Pit in Sydney, Australia and Georges Descombes’ Renaturation of the River Aire in Switzerland to uncover the insights of designers. In doing so, Catherine Heatherington considers the different ways designers approach the revealing of change and how this informs a discussion about people’s perceptions and understanding of landscape. With over 100 images and contributions from Jacky Bowring, Dermot Foley and Krystallia Kamvasinou, this book will be beneficial for students of landscape and landscape architecture, particularly those with an interest in how landscapes change over time and how this is perceived by both designers and visitors.
Place, Pedagogy and Play: Participation, Design and Research with Children
by Matluba Khan Simon Bell Jenny WoodPlace, Pedagogy and Play connects landscape architecture with education, psychology, public health and planning. Over the course of thirteen chapters it examines how design and research of places can be approached through multiple lenses – of pedagogy and play and how children, as competent social agents, are engaged in the process of designing their own spaces – and brings a global perspective to the debate around child-friendly environments. Despite growing evidence of the benefits of nature for health, wellbeing, play and learning, children are increasingly spending more time indoors. Indeed, new policy ideas and public campaigns suggest how children can become better connected with nature, yet linking outdoor space to pedagogy is largely overlooked in research. By focusing on three themes within these debates, place and play; place and pedagogy; and place and participation, this book explores a variety of angles to show that best practice requires dialogue between research disciplines, designers, educationists and psychologists, and a move beyond seeing the spaces children inhabit as the domain only of childhood professionals. Through illustrated case studies this book presents a wider picture of the state of childhood today, and offers practical solutions and further research avenues that promote a more holistic and internationally focused perspective on place, pedagogy and play for built-environment professionals. Chapter 12 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
China’s Railway Transformation: History, Culture Changes and Urban Development
by Junjie Xi Paco Mejias VillatoroThis book investigates China’s railway transformation through history, along with culture changes and urban development. The book begins by looking at the background of China and the history and growth of railway development in China through five key phases, followed by assessing the cultural changes in the railway carriage and exploring how these are linked to social equality and national provisions. The core of this book aims to analyse the Chinese urban transformation through the development of the high-speed rail (HSR) infrastructure in China. Eleven important new HSR stations in mainland China, plus the new Hong Kong West Kowloon Station, have been selected to contextually explore how HSR infrastructures have affected the development of the Chinese urban context. The selected case studies are the stations of Beijing South, Wuhan, Shanghai Hongqiao, Guangzhou South, Xi’an North, Nanjing South, Chengdu East, Tianjin West, Zhengzhou East, Hangzhou East and Hong Kong West Kowloon. All of these were built between 2008 and 2018. In these case studies, the location and the intentions and success of promoting urban development are analysed and assessed. Following this, the book further investigates the peculiarities of the new HSR stations in China in comparison with stations in Europe. An assessment framework is established to evaluate the Chinese case studies comparatively with significant cases in Europe, attending to the urban structure of the area, the architectural quality, the functional diversity and the quality of the public space generated in the surrounding area.
Pragmatic Spatial Planning: Practial Theory for Professionals
by Charles HochInstead of seeking theory to justify practical professional judgments this book describes how professionals can and should use theory to guide these judgments. Professional spatial planning in the US, and globally, continues to suffer from a weak conceptual grasp of its own practice. Practitioners routinely recognize the value and wisdom of practical judgment finely attuned to context, nuance and complexity; but later offer banal testimony and glib stories of ‘just so’ best-practice discrediting the ambiguity of their own experience. The chapters in this book provide a vocabulary tailored to the conventions of practical judgment, challenging students and practitioners to treat professional expertise as work in progress rather than ‘best’ practice. Instead of seeking theory to justify practical professional judgments, Hoch describes how professionals can and should use theory to guide these judgments. The pragmatist plan helps cope with complexity rather than control it, making it invaluable in the anyone’s pursuit of a planning career. This book will appeal to a wide cross section of students and scholars, especially those working in urban planning, public policy, and government.
Dreams + Disillusions
by CJ Lim Luke AngersDreams + Disillusions explores the plethora of ideas and ideologies that have shaped and reshaped cities in profound ways. However, unlike a conventional title on the history of urbanism and architecture, its research fluctuates between the world of concrete reality and the multiple universes that exist in lucid prose, poetic visions, and the outrageous imaginations of history’s greatest and most (in)famous minds. In their thoughts are the foundations for political trends and new civilisations, alternative mappings and unlikely phenomena. The six chapters reveal dreams that were fundamental to the origin of great cities, underpinning the stories of the many lives within; and how, through circumstance or manipulation, fortunate coincidence or planned perfection, desires are sometimes left defeated and disillusioned.Myth and belief. Tradition and logic. Revolution and marginalisation. Ignorance and hubris. Sins and excess. Seasons and climate. Continuously interacting, shifting to enlighten and to enrage, these themes combine critical thinking with deep-rooted influences and new agencies that are a true sign of the times. The 18 illustrated speculations provide an abundance of curious imaginings, diverse provocations and satirical criticism. While there are distinctions between dreams and disillusions, could virtues be made of sins, or sensitivity be borne from hubris? Could progress advocate tradition, or should we re-attempt revolutions formerly experienced as disillusionments? Whether by bold gestures or by subtle attrition, cities are continually re-written crucibles for the human condition. In this book, we develop a better understanding of the discourse of cities tailored to the determining factors of climate, resources, and humanity’s idiosyncrasies to address a world in crisis.
China’s Railway Transformation: History, Culture Changes and Urban Development
by Junjie Xi Paco Mejias VillatoroThis book investigates China’s railway transformation through history, along with culture changes and urban development. The book begins by looking at the background of China and the history and growth of railway development in China through five key phases, followed by assessing the cultural changes in the railway carriage and exploring how these are linked to social equality and national provisions. The core of this book aims to analyse the Chinese urban transformation through the development of the high-speed rail (HSR) infrastructure in China. Eleven important new HSR stations in mainland China, plus the new Hong Kong West Kowloon Station, have been selected to contextually explore how HSR infrastructures have affected the development of the Chinese urban context. The selected case studies are the stations of Beijing South, Wuhan, Shanghai Hongqiao, Guangzhou South, Xi’an North, Nanjing South, Chengdu East, Tianjin West, Zhengzhou East, Hangzhou East and Hong Kong West Kowloon. All of these were built between 2008 and 2018. In these case studies, the location and the intentions and success of promoting urban development are analysed and assessed. Following this, the book further investigates the peculiarities of the new HSR stations in China in comparison with stations in Europe. An assessment framework is established to evaluate the Chinese case studies comparatively with significant cases in Europe, attending to the urban structure of the area, the architectural quality, the functional diversity and the quality of the public space generated in the surrounding area.
Pragmatic Spatial Planning: Practial Theory for Professionals
by Charles HochInstead of seeking theory to justify practical professional judgments this book describes how professionals can and should use theory to guide these judgments. Professional spatial planning in the US, and globally, continues to suffer from a weak conceptual grasp of its own practice. Practitioners routinely recognize the value and wisdom of practical judgment finely attuned to context, nuance and complexity; but later offer banal testimony and glib stories of ‘just so’ best-practice discrediting the ambiguity of their own experience. The chapters in this book provide a vocabulary tailored to the conventions of practical judgment, challenging students and practitioners to treat professional expertise as work in progress rather than ‘best’ practice. Instead of seeking theory to justify practical professional judgments, Hoch describes how professionals can and should use theory to guide these judgments. The pragmatist plan helps cope with complexity rather than control it, making it invaluable in the anyone’s pursuit of a planning career. This book will appeal to a wide cross section of students and scholars, especially those working in urban planning, public policy, and government.