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Ethnic Politics in Europe: The Power of Norms and Incentives
by Judith G. KelleyThis detailed account of ethnic minority politics explains when and how European institutions successfully used norms and incentives to shape domestic policy toward ethnic minorities and why those measures sometimes failed. Going beyond traditional analyses, Kelley examines the pivotal engagement by the European Union, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the Council for Europe in the creation of such policies. Following language, education, and citizenship issues during the 1990s in Latvia, Estonia, Slovakia, and Romania, she shows how the combination of membership conditionality and norm-based diplomacy was surprisingly effective at overcoming even significant domestic opposition. However, she also finds that diplomacy alone, without the offer of membership, was ineffective unless domestic opposition to the proposed policies was quite limited. As one of the first systematic analyses of political rather than economic conditionality, the book illustrates under what conditions and through what mechanisms institutions influenced domestic policy in the decade, preparing the way for the historic enlargement of the European Union. This thoughtful and thorough discussion, based on case studies, quantitative analysis, and interviews with nearly one hundred policymakers and experts, tells an important story about how European organizations helped facilitate peaceful solutions to ethnic tensions--in sharp contrast to the ethnic bloodshed that occurred in the former Yugoslavia during this time. This book's simultaneous assessment of soft diplomacy and stricter conditionality advances a long overdue dialogue between proponents rational choice models and social constructivists. As political requirements increasingly become part of conditionality, it also provides keen policy insights for the strategic choices made by actors in international institutions.
Ethnic Politics, Regime Support and Conflict in Central and Eastern Europe
by Julian BernauerEthnicity and ethnic parties have often been portrayed as a threat to political stability. This book challenges the notion that the organization of politics in heterogeneous societies should overcome ethnicity. Rather, descriptive representation of ethnic groups has potential to increase regime support and reduce conflict.
The Ethnic Project: Transforming Racial Fiction into Ethnic Factions (Stanford Studies in Comparative Race and Ethnicity #15)
by Vilna Bashi TreitlerRace is a known fiction—there is no genetic marker that indicates someone's race—yet the social stigma of race endures. In the United States, ethnicity is often positioned as a counterweight to race, and we celebrate our various hyphenated-American identities. But Vilna Bashi Treitler argues that we do so at a high cost: ethnic thinking simply perpetuates an underlying racism. In The Ethnic Project, Bashi Treitler considers the ethnic history of the United States from the arrival of the English in North America through to the present day. Tracing the histories of immigrant and indigenous groups—Irish, Chinese, Italians, Jews, Native Americans, Mexicans, Afro-Caribbeans, and African Americans—she shows how each negotiates America's racial hierarchy, aiming to distance themselves from the bottom and align with the groups already at the top. But in pursuing these "ethnic projects" these groups implicitly accept and perpetuate a racial hierarchy, shoring up rather than dismantling race and racism. Ultimately, The Ethnic Project shows how dangerous ethnic thinking can be in a society that has not let go of racial thinking.
Ethnic Religious Minorities in Iran
by S. Behnaz HosseiniThis book explores the experiences of the ethnic and religious minorities of Iran, such as Jews, Yarsani, Christian, Sabean Mandaean, Bahai, Zoroastrian, Baluch, Kurd, and others and provides a historical overview of their position in society before and after the 1979 Islamic revolution and highlights their contribution to the country's history, diversity, and development. It also focuses on the historical, sociopolitical, and economic factors that affected the minorities' development during the last century. Author Behnaz Hosseini has shaped this book with authentic material and has assembled the experiences and opinions of academics of diverse backgrounds who approach the minorities’ issues in Iran in a constructive and ingenious way: from debating their efforts to preserve their identity and cultural heritage and ensure their survival to discussing their relations with the majority and other minorities, the role of religion in everyday life, and their contribution to the rich cultural history of Iran.
Ethnic Warfare in Sri Lanka and the UN Crisis
by William ClaranceThis book explains the complex origins and evolution of Sri Lanka's civil war and the resulting massive civilian displacement. It is an account of frontline conditions during a critical period and an overview of the alternating warfare and ceasefires during the last fifteen years. *BR**BR*William Clarance analyses the scope for protecting civilians in a war zone and its implications for UN policy. He argues that Washington's bullying of the UN ironically proves the points it seeks to demolish: the indispensibility of UN legitimacy and the professionalism of its field agencies. *BR**BR*He urges the need to adopt a more actively engaged role to protect civilians in intrastate conflict, the better to address global problems such as the outflow of refugees and asylum seekers it triggers and the seeds of international terrorism it sows.
The Ethnically Diverse Workplace: Experience of Immigrant Indian Professionals in Australia
by Sunaina GowanThe Australian workplace continues to become more ethnically diverse as multiculturalism becomes a lived reality on a substantial scale. This change makes it vital to understand exclusionary or discriminatory practices and a detailed investigation of the potential relationship between work stress, acculturation, and its impact on emotional labour for minority group members has not been well researched. The Ethnically Diverse Workplace: Experience of Immigrant Indian Professionals in Australia documents the perceptions and experiences of exclusion after inclusion by Indian immigrants, particularly professionals. Many of the reports of discriminatory practices towards Indian immigrants or their stigmatisation based on accent, skin tone or national origin are anecdotal in nature and this book will seek to explain such practices and their impacts on the Indian immigrant community. The Ethnically Diverse Workplace works to encourage and promote greater awareness and understanding so that immigrant Indian professionals maybe better understood and served in Australia.
The Ethnically Diverse Workplace: Experience of Immigrant Indian Professionals in Australia
by Sunaina GowanThe Australian workplace continues to become more ethnically diverse as multiculturalism becomes a lived reality on a substantial scale. This change makes it vital to understand exclusionary or discriminatory practices and a detailed investigation of the potential relationship between work stress, acculturation, and its impact on emotional labour for minority group members has not been well researched. The Ethnically Diverse Workplace: Experience of Immigrant Indian Professionals in Australia documents the perceptions and experiences of exclusion after inclusion by Indian immigrants, particularly professionals. Many of the reports of discriminatory practices towards Indian immigrants or their stigmatisation based on accent, skin tone or national origin are anecdotal in nature and this book will seek to explain such practices and their impacts on the Indian immigrant community. The Ethnically Diverse Workplace works to encourage and promote greater awareness and understanding so that immigrant Indian professionals maybe better understood and served in Australia.
Ethnicities and Tribes in Sub-Saharan Africa: Opening Old Wounds
by S. N. SangmpamThis book proposes new avenues for understanding tribal allegiance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Much research on ethnicity and cultural pluralism in Sub-Saharan Africa falsely equates the term "tribe" with "ethnicity" and obscures the differences between Sub-Saharan Africa and other regions. It also puts too much emphasis on the role of the colonial state in fostering tribal allegiance. This book challenges these claims and offers an alternate way of understanding tribal allegiance in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Ethnicities and Tribes in Sub-Saharan Africa: Opening Old Wounds
by S. N. SangmpamThis book proposes new avenues for understanding tribal allegiance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Much research on ethnicity and cultural pluralism in Sub-Saharan Africa falsely equates the term "tribe" with "ethnicity" and obscures the differences between Sub-Saharan Africa and other regions. It also puts too much emphasis on the role of the colonial state in fostering tribal allegiance. This book challenges these claims and offers an alternate way of understanding tribal allegiance in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Ethnicity and Beyond: Theories and Dilemmas of Jewish Group Demarcation (Studies in Contemporary Jewry #25)
by Eli LederhendlerVolume XXV of the distinguished annual Studies in Contemporary Jewry explores new understandings and approaches to Jewish "ethnicity." In current parlance regarding multicultural diversity, Jews are often considered to belong socially to the "majority," whereas "otherness" is reserved for "minorities." But these group labels and their meanings have changed over time. This volume analyzes how "ethnic," "ethnicity," and "identity" have been applied to Jews, past and present, individually and collectively. Most of the symposium papers on the ethnicity of Jewish people and the social groups they form draw heavily on the case of American Jews, while others offer wider geographical perspectives. Contributors address ex-Soviet Jews in Philadelphia, comparing them to a similar population in Tel Aviv; Communism and ethnicity; intermarriage and group blending; American Jewish dialogue; and German Jewish migration in the interwar decades. Leading academics, employing a variety of social scientific methods and historical paradigms, propose to enhance the clarity of definitions used to relate "ethnic identity" to the Jews. They point to ethnic experience in a variety of different social manifestations: language use in social context, marital behavior across generations, spatial and occupational differentiation in relation to other members of society, and new immigrant communities as sub-ethnic units within larger Jewish populations. They also ponder the relevance of individual experience and preference as compared to the weight of larger socializing factors. Taken as a whole, this work offers revisionist views on the utility of terms like "Jewish ethnicity" that were given wider scope by scholars in the 1960s, '70s, and '80s.
Ethnicity and Beyond: Theories and Dilemmas of Jewish Group Demarcation (Studies in Contemporary Jewry #25)
by Eli LederhendlerVolume XXV of the distinguished annual Studies in Contemporary Jewry explores new understandings and approaches to Jewish "ethnicity." In current parlance regarding multicultural diversity, Jews are often considered to belong socially to the "majority," whereas "otherness" is reserved for "minorities." But these group labels and their meanings have changed over time. This volume analyzes how "ethnic," "ethnicity," and "identity" have been applied to Jews, past and present, individually and collectively. Most of the symposium papers on the ethnicity of Jewish people and the social groups they form draw heavily on the case of American Jews, while others offer wider geographical perspectives. Contributors address ex-Soviet Jews in Philadelphia, comparing them to a similar population in Tel Aviv; Communism and ethnicity; intermarriage and group blending; American Jewish dialogue; and German Jewish migration in the interwar decades. Leading academics, employing a variety of social scientific methods and historical paradigms, propose to enhance the clarity of definitions used to relate "ethnic identity" to the Jews. They point to ethnic experience in a variety of different social manifestations: language use in social context, marital behavior across generations, spatial and occupational differentiation in relation to other members of society, and new immigrant communities as sub-ethnic units within larger Jewish populations. They also ponder the relevance of individual experience and preference as compared to the weight of larger socializing factors. Taken as a whole, this work offers revisionist views on the utility of terms like "Jewish ethnicity" that were given wider scope by scholars in the 1960s, '70s, and '80s.
Ethnicity and Conflict in a Post-Communist World: The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China
by Peter King Kumar Rupesinghe Olga VorkunovaThe post-Communist world has seen a dramatic revival of ethnicity and nationalism. The volume explores the contemporary sources, scope and intensity of nationality conflicts in the context of a disintegrating Soviet Empire. The authors address themselves to the resurgence of ethnicity and nationalism within the former Soviet imperium, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Bulgaria and China and examine the consequences of perestroika and glasnost. Central issues involve identity formation, the nature and implications of ethnic and internal conflicts and possible paths toward resolution.
Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Communist World
by B. FowkesEthnic and national conflicts have been an unexpected and major source of problems in many parts of the world in recent times. Nowhere more so than in the formerly communist countries. This book provides a readable introduction to, and brief analytical coverage of, all the ethnic disputes of the 1990s. Full justice is done both to complex present-day situations and the deeper roots of ethnic conflict. This is followed by a review and evaluation of the main available explanations. The book is required reading for anyone who wants to understand why the fall of communism did not introduce an era of goodwill between the nations.
Ethnicity and Identity in Herodotus
by Thomas Figueira Carmen SoaresHerodotus is the epochal authority who inaugurated the European and Western consciousness of collective identity, whether in an awareness of other societies and of the nature of cultural variation itself or in the fashioning of Greek self-awareness – and necessarily that of later civilizations influenced by the ancient Greeks – which was perpetually in dialogue and tension with other ways of living in groups.In this book, 14 contributors explore ethnicity – the very self-understanding of belonging to a separate body of human beings – and how it evolves and consolidates (or ethnogenesis). This inquiry is focussed through the lens of Herodotus as our earliest master of ethnography, in this instance not only as the stylized portrayal of other societies, but also as an exegesis on how ethnocultural differentiation may affect the lives, and even the very existence, of one’s own people.Ethnicity and Identity in Herodotus is one facet of a project that intends to bring Portuguese and English-speaking scholars of antiquity into closer cooperation. It has united a cross-section of North American classicists with a distinguished cohort of Portuguese and Brazilian experts on Greek literature and history writing in English.
Ethnicity and Identity in Herodotus
by Thomas Figueira Carmen SoaresHerodotus is the epochal authority who inaugurated the European and Western consciousness of collective identity, whether in an awareness of other societies and of the nature of cultural variation itself or in the fashioning of Greek self-awareness – and necessarily that of later civilizations influenced by the ancient Greeks – which was perpetually in dialogue and tension with other ways of living in groups.In this book, 14 contributors explore ethnicity – the very self-understanding of belonging to a separate body of human beings – and how it evolves and consolidates (or ethnogenesis). This inquiry is focussed through the lens of Herodotus as our earliest master of ethnography, in this instance not only as the stylized portrayal of other societies, but also as an exegesis on how ethnocultural differentiation may affect the lives, and even the very existence, of one’s own people.Ethnicity and Identity in Herodotus is one facet of a project that intends to bring Portuguese and English-speaking scholars of antiquity into closer cooperation. It has united a cross-section of North American classicists with a distinguished cohort of Portuguese and Brazilian experts on Greek literature and history writing in English.
Ethnicity and Nationalism in Africa: Constructivist Reflections and Contemporary Politics
by P. YerosEthnicity and Nationalism in Africa features a series of 'constructivist' contributions by leading scholars in the field of ethnicity and nationalism, and explores the differences among those who have come to be known as 'constructivists'. The contributors reflect upon ongoing methodological debates in ethnography, historiography, and political theory. They demonstrate the diversity of concepts and methods within constructivism, and assess the political implications of the concepts themselves. The debate between them is inter-disciplinary, critical and innovative, and should be of value to anyone interested in the study of ethnicity and nationalism.
Ethnicity, Class, and the Indigenous Struggle for Land in Guerrero, Mexico (Native Americans: Interdisciplinary Perspectives)
by Norberto ValdezThis study focuses on Amuzgo Indian communities of the Costa Chica of Guerrero state in Mexico in order to analyze the indigenous struggle for land and its relationship to ethnic identity and culture. Primary archival data and field research reveal a historical profile of this multi-ethnic region with a long and fascinating history of resistance to non-Indian control of communal lands and labor. The dynamics of 19th century liberal economic reforms, privatization of Indian lands, militarization, interventions of foreign capital, class conflicts, and impoverishment are reflected in contemporary processes in the Costa Chica. The image of the resilient peasant, or campesino , masks negative aspects of peasant status in the class structure, including poverty and superexploitation of family labor, and the intra and inter-familial conflicts that are a significant aspect of daily life. Case studies of land conflicts explore these class issues, as well as the relationship between gender inequalities and insecurities of land tenure. Indian communal lands (ejidos ) are more than an economic means of agricultural production; such lands are also the basis of cultural reproduction and provide a framework in which political resistance can emerge. Bibliography. Index
Ethnicity, Class, and the Indigenous Struggle for Land in Guerrero, Mexico (Native Americans: Interdisciplinary Perspectives)
by Norberto ValdezThis study focuses on Amuzgo Indian communities of the Costa Chica of Guerrero state in Mexico in order to analyze the indigenous struggle for land and its relationship to ethnic identity and culture. Primary archival data and field research reveal a historical profile of this multi-ethnic region with a long and fascinating history of resistance to non-Indian control of communal lands and labor. The dynamics of 19th century liberal economic reforms, privatization of Indian lands, militarization, interventions of foreign capital, class conflicts, and impoverishment are reflected in contemporary processes in the Costa Chica. The image of the resilient peasant, or campesino , masks negative aspects of peasant status in the class structure, including poverty and superexploitation of family labor, and the intra and inter-familial conflicts that are a significant aspect of daily life. Case studies of land conflicts explore these class issues, as well as the relationship between gender inequalities and insecurities of land tenure. Indian communal lands (ejidos ) are more than an economic means of agricultural production; such lands are also the basis of cultural reproduction and provide a framework in which political resistance can emerge. Bibliography. Index
Ethnicity in Asia
by Colin MackerrasThis book is designed as a comprehensive comparative introduction to ethnicity in East and Southeast Asia since 1945. Each chapter covers a particular country looking at such core issues as:· the ethnic minorities or groups in the country of concern, how many ethnic groups, population, language and culture group they belong to, traditional religions and arts· government policy towards the ethnic minorities or groups · the economies of the ethnic minorities or groups and the relation with the national economy;· problems of national integration caused by the ethnic minorities or groups;· the impact of ethnic issues on the country's overall foreign relations.
Ethnicity in Asia
by Colin MackerrasThis book is designed as a comprehensive comparative introduction to ethnicity in East and Southeast Asia since 1945. Each chapter covers a particular country looking at such core issues as:· the ethnic minorities or groups in the country of concern, how many ethnic groups, population, language and culture group they belong to, traditional religions and arts· government policy towards the ethnic minorities or groups · the economies of the ethnic minorities or groups and the relation with the national economy;· problems of national integration caused by the ethnic minorities or groups;· the impact of ethnic issues on the country's overall foreign relations.
Ethnicity Kills?: The Politics of War, Peace and Ethnicity in Sub-Saharan Africa (International Political Economy Series)
by E. Braathen M. Bøås G. SaetherThe book examines, among other issues, the emergence of civil war as a result of political struggles. The construction of Africa as the 'other' has meant that factors commonly used to explain war elsewhere have been neglected in SubSaharan Africa. The political power struggle which evolved around the state is at the forefront of the analysis of civil war and societal conflict.
Ethnicity, Nationalism and the European Cold War
by Robert KnightThis book questions the prevalent assumption that ethnicity and nationalist politics had nothing to do with the Cold War and that, far from being 'frozen' until the fall of communism, they remained central to the conflict in Europe. Leading scholars bring their understanding of particular regions to bear on the wider issue of why ethnic explanations were written out of the discourse and whether this was a failure on the part of Western observers. This in turn has led to an overly simple understanding of power flowing downwards, from superpower to nation state and from state to society. Engaging with key thinkers such as Gaddis, Moynihan and Adam Roberts this collection ultimately allows such speculation to be replaced by historical research and bridges the gap between 'high politics' and ethnic concerns.
Ethnicity, Nationalism and the European Cold War
by Robert KnightThis book questions the prevalent assumption that ethnicity and nationalist politics had nothing to do with the Cold War and that, far from being 'frozen' until the fall of communism, they remained central to the conflict in Europe. Leading scholars bring their understanding of particular regions to bear on the wider issue of why ethnic explanations were written out of the discourse and whether this was a failure on the part of Western observers. This in turn has led to an overly simple understanding of power flowing downwards, from superpower to nation state and from state to society. Engaging with key thinkers such as Gaddis, Moynihan and Adam Roberts this collection ultimately allows such speculation to be replaced by historical research and bridges the gap between 'high politics' and ethnic concerns.
Ethno-Baroque: Materiality, Aesthetics and Conflict in Modern-Day Macedonia
by Rozita DimovaIn post-1991 Macedonia, Barok furniture came to represent affluence and success during a period of transition to a new market economy. This furniture marked the beginning of a larger Baroque style that influenced not only interior decorations in people’s homes but also architecture and public spaces. By tracing the signifier Baroque, the book examines the reconfiguration of hierarchical relations among (ethnic) groups, genders, and countries in a transnational context. Investigating how Baroque has come to signify larger social processes and transformations in the current rebranding of the country, the book reveals the close link between aesthetics and politics, and how ethno-national conflicts are reflected in visually appealing ornamentation.
Ethno-erotic Economies: Sexuality, Money, and Belonging in Kenya
by George Paul MeiuEthno-erotic Economies explores a fascinating case of tourism focused on sex and culture in coastal Kenya, where young men deploy stereotypes of African warriors to help them establish transactional sexual relationships with European women. In bars and on beaches, young men deliberately cultivate their images as sexually potent African men to attract women, sometimes for a night, in other cases for long-term relationships. George Paul Meiu uses his deep familiarity with the communities these men come from to explore the long-term effects of markets of ethnic culture and sexuality on a wide range of aspects of life in rural Kenya, including kinship, ritual, gender, intimate affection, and conceptions of aging. What happens to these communities when young men return with such surprising wealth? And how do they use it to improve their social standing locally? By answering these questions, Ethno-erotic Economies offers a complex look at how intimacy and ethnicity come together to shape the pathways of global and local trade in the postcolonial world.