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Why Sailors Can't Swim and Other Marvellous Maritime Curiosities
by Nic ComptonWhy will a sailor never go to sea on Friday 13th?Why are boats always referred to as 'she'?How do you navigate the ocean without a compass?Does the Bermuda Triangle really exist?Why do sailors wear earrings?Did Blackbeard actually exist?Did Nelson really say 'Kiss me, Hardy'?What's the correct way to bury a body at sea?Why is a rope never called a rope? This fascinating collection of maritime folklore and trivia delves into the history, science and culture of the sea, and is packed full of entertaining, surprising and insightful facts, from the delightfully obscure to the amusingly quaint, including everyday expressions that have their origins on board ship. Topics include: sailors and superstitions; ships and shipbuilding; navigation and seamanship; pirates and smugglers; fish and fishermen; coasts and oceans; tides and weather; art and literature of the sea.
Why Running Matters: Lessons in Life, Pain and Exhilaration – From 5K to the Marathon
by Ian MortimerYou might run for fitness. You might run for speed. But ultimately, running is about much more than the physical act itself. It is about the challenges we face in life, and how we measure up to them. It is about companionship, endurance, ambition, hope, conviction, determination, self-respect and inspiration. It is about how we choose to live our lives, and what it means to share our values with other people.In this year-long memoir, which might be described as a historian’s take on Haruki Murakami’s What I Talk About When I Talk About Running, the celebrated historian Ian Mortimer considers the meaning of running as he approaches his fiftieth birthday. From injuries and frustrated ambitions to exhilaration and empathy, it is a personal and yet universal account of what running means to people, and how it helps everyone focus on what really matters.
Why is Q Always Followed by U?: Word-Perfect Answers to the Most-Asked Questions About Language
by Michael QuinionLong-time word-detective and bestselling author of Port Out, Starboard Home, Michael Quinion brings us the answers to nearly two hundred of the most intriguing questions he's been asked about language over the years. Sent to him by enquiring readers from all around the globe, Michael's answers about the meanings and histories behind the quirky phrases, slang and language that we all use are set to delight, amuse and enlighten even the most hardened word-obsessive.Did you know that 'Blighty' comes from an ancient Arabic word? Or that Liberace cried his way to the bank so many times people think he came up with the phrase? That 'cloud nine' started out as 'cloud seven' in the speakeasies of '30s America? And that the first person to have their thunder stolen was a dismal playwright from Drury Lane? Michael Quinion's Why is Q Always Followed By U? is full of surprising discoveries, entertaining quotations and memorable information. There are plenty of colourful stories out there, but Michael Quinion will help you discover the truth that lies behind the cock-and-bull stories and make sure you're always linguistically on the ball.
Why Baseball Matters (Why X Matters Series)
by Susan JacobyA best-selling author and passionate baseball fan takes a tough-minded look at America’s most traditional game in our twenty-first-century culture of digital distraction Baseball, first dubbed the “national pastime” in print in 1856, is the country’s most tradition-bound sport. Despite remaining popular and profitable into the twenty-first century, the game is losing young fans, among African Americans and women as well as white men. Furthermore, baseball’s greatest charm—a clockless suspension of time—is also its greatest liability in a culture of digital distraction. These paradoxes are explored by the historian and passionate baseball fan Susan Jacoby in a book that is both a love letter to the game and a tough-minded analysis of the current challenges to its special position—in reality and myth—in American culture. The concise but wide-ranging analysis moves from the Civil War—when many soldiers played ball in northern and southern prisoner-of-war camps—to interviews with top baseball officials and young men who prefer playing online “fantasy baseball” to attending real games. Revisiting her youthful days of watching televised baseball in her grandfather’s bar, the author links her love of the game with the informal education she received in everything from baseball’s history of racial segregation to pitch location. Jacoby argues forcefully that the major challenge to baseball today is a shortened attention span at odds with a long game in which great hitters fail two out of three times. Without sanitizing this basic problem, Why Baseball Matters remind us that the game has retained its grip on our hearts precisely because it has repeatedly demonstrated the ability to reinvent itself in times of immense social change.
Whose Side Are You On?: Sport, The Troubles And Me
by Teddy JamiesonFrom the late 1960s, Northern Ireland has been mired in violence. Yet it has had seen more than its fair share of sporting heroes - from footballer George Best, through snooker champion Alex Higgins, to boxer Barry McGuigan. Life was tough for these working-class lads, but they could shine on the football field or find refuge at the town boxing club. For other kids, like the young Teddy Jamieson, a knockabout in the back-lanes was as good as it got, but at least they had their heroes. Watching McGuigan on telly, Teddy could feel proud to be Northern Irish. But sport - like everything else in Northern Ireland - could quickly turn nasty when politics were involved. This extraordinary journey through sport and the Troubles has it all: from Olympic gold-medals to Gaelic football; from death threats to reconciliations. Then there is Teddy's own story, as we learn how the age-old playground question 'Whose side are you on?' doesn't always have an easy answer.
Whose Childhood Is It?: The Roles of Children, Adults and Policy Makers
by Richard Eke Helen Butcher Mandy LeeThe purpose of this book is to promote a thoughtful engagement with key issues and theories that inform our understanding of childhood. Readers will enjoy, and be provoked by, a sophisticated analysis of the role and function of childhood in twenty-first century Britain, which can be used as a springboard for further enquiry and exploration.Two intertwined themes permeate the text: - Children's sense of self and adults' temporal and cultural fabrications of childhood, and the articulation of these with policy and provision for young children. - Young children and representation: how they are represented, the sense they make of such representations and their own representational activity. Whose Childhood Is It? intends to turn readers away from our collective tendency to simplify the experiences of young children and replace this with a fuller, more complex, and more realistic understanding of the social dynamic that constitutes childhood today. This book takes a user-friendly approach, with key questions and reflection boxes throughout as well as chapter summaries and suggested further reading. It will provide a rich resource for students of Early Childhood Studies, and for Early Years professionals and those training to be Early Years practitioners.
Who's Your Caddy?: My Misadventures Carrying the Bag
by Rick ReillyFor "caddy" read confessor, punch-bag, psychotherapist, life-coach, general dogsbody, friend. It's all in a day's work for the men who carry the bag. And if you want to get behind the Pringle sweaters and PR there's no better place to be. Who knows a golfer best? Who's with them every minute of every round, hears their every word, witnesses their despair and triumph? Who knows if, when and how they cheat? The caddy, of course. So when, Rick Reilly, America's most celebrated sportswriter decided he wanted to write a book about golf he put down his pen, picked up the phone, and hired himself out to the great, near great and the reprobates of golf. The results were amazing - John Daly, Tom Lehman, Donald Trump, Deepak Chopra, a blind player, David Duval, a couple of high-rolling hustlers in Vegas and even Jack Nicklaus himself, put their doubts behind them and hand over the bag. In the resulting account Reilly chronicles his experiences in the same inimitable style that makes his back-page column for Sports Illustrated a must-read for more than twenty million people every week. Combining a wicked wit with an expert's eye Who's Your Caddy? gives us an insight into what makes the game of golf so great. So if you can't get to the course, your short game is in tatters and Big Bertha can no longer deliver on her promises, give yourself a break and sit down and read what it's like for the rest of the world's population of golfers. In Who's Your Caddy? you'll find out - you're not alone..
The Whole World Was Watching: Sport in the Cold War (Cold War International History Project)
by Robert Edelman and Christopher YoungIn the Cold War era, the confrontation between capitalism and communism played out not only in military, diplomatic, and political contexts, but also in the realm of culture—and perhaps nowhere more so than the cultural phenomenon of sports, where the symbolic capital of athletic endeavor held up a mirror to the global contest for the sympathies of citizens worldwide. The Whole World Was Watching examines Cold War rivalries through the lens of sporting activities and competitions across Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the U.S. The essays in this volume consider sport as a vital sphere for understanding the complex geopolitics and cultural politics of the time, not just in terms of commerce and celebrity, but also with respect to shifting notions of race, class, and gender. Including contributions from an international lineup of historians, this volume suggests that the analysis of sport provides a valuable lens for understanding both how individuals experienced the Cold War in their daily lives, and how sports culture in turn influenced politics and diplomatic relations.
Whole-Body Electromyostimulation: Effects, Limitations, Perspectives of an Innovative Training Method (essentials)
by Wolfgang Kemmler Michael Fröhlich Christoph EiflerThis essential is intended as a compact reference for issues and aspects related to the innovative training technology of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS). In addition to background and information on WB-EMS application, in which the authors pay particular attention to safe and effective use, there is a current overview of research results summarizing the effects of WB-EMS on various target outcomes. Finally, a characterization of the market situation, current trends and a forecast of developments in the field of WB-EMS is presented.
Whole-Body Cryostimulation: Clinical Applications
by Paolo CapodaglioThis book entails chapters ranging from cell to clinical studies exploring the state-of-the-art of the molecular and clinical effects of Whole-Body Cryostimulation (WBC). Based on consolidated evidence, WBC is nowadays widely used in elité athletes for recovery from muscle fatigue or injury but, despite growing scientific support, it remains a niche topic in the field of Rehabilitation. At present, WBC is used mostly in eastern Europe as add-on treatment for rheumatological conditions, but recent literature suggests that its positive effects can have a clinically significant impact on a wider range of conditions. The novelty of the book consists of documenting the clinical and functional effects of WBC in a range of conditions including post/long-Covid symptoms, fibromyalgia, rheumatologic, metabolic, psychiatric, sleep and respiratory disorders, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, spasticity.It addresses clinicians, researchers and postgraduate students, trying to provideevidence-based support for the use of WBC in pain and fatigue reduction, and improvement in functioning, mood, quality of sleep in various clinical conditions. The recently unveiled metabolic effects of the chronic exposure to cryogenic temperatures represent cutting-edge research in the field of obesity and diabetes management. The book describes the work-in-progress of an international panel of experts and provides the latest indications for a safe use of WBC in the clinical setting in different medical conditions. It is about time to pinpoint to the clinical audience the current achievements on this topic together with the limitations of the existing studies, the lack of standard protocols with regard to individual “doses” of cryogenic exposure in specific health conditions and the safety concerns in order to foster research on the application of clinically useful and safe WBC protocols as add-on treatments able to boost rehabilitation programs.
Who Would Win a Fight between Muhammad Ali and Bruce Lee?: The Sports Fan's Book of Answers
by Nicholas HobbesNicholas Hobbes tackles the sports-related questions that thousands of people have debated in front of the TV and in the pub, but for which they have never found a definitive answer. These include: Why do female tennis players grunt? Are English footballers really thicker than foreign players? Why do cyclists shave their legs? Can one swimming pool be 'faster' than another? Who would win a fight between Muhammad Ali and Bruce Lee? Drawing on studies by statisticians and scientists, doctors and philosophers, Nicholas Hobbes explains the whys, whats and hows, so you don't have to.
Who Was Hurricane Higgins?: The man, the myth, the real story
by Tony FrancisAlex 'Hurricane' Higgins transcended sport in a way very few sportsmen ever have. In this definitive biography, Tony Francis describes how Alex threw himself into life like a man throwing himself off a cliff. No safety net. No plan. No fear. No shame. Francis interviews more than sixty witnesses to this extraordinary life and comes up with a remarkable series of adventures to surprise even Alex's staunchest fans. We hear from his ex-wife Lynn who tolerated him for ten years, helped him recover from a suicide attempt, watched him trash the house, but still has a fondness for the father of her kids. Snooker champion Jimmy White, Alex's best friend, says: 'I loved him, I hated him, I loved him, I hated him!' The author investigates the Irish drink culture which undermined his family, colleagues and, of course Higgins himself. How did Higgins' fellow Irish sportsman and biggest fan, Barry McGuigan, escape the excesses which dragged Higgins and George Best into the gutter? Did drink account for Higgins' wild outbursts or was there something more to it? Why did his lost love describe the man who once head-butted a tournament official as 'the gentlest man I ever met'? For all his faults, Higgins was, for a time, the most loved sportsman in Britain. He remains a legend and the most outstanding, charismatic snooker player who ever walked into an arena. Francis traces his crazy life from the time when as a baby he was kept in a shoe box in his mother's top drawer, to the sheltered accommodation in Sandy Row, Belfast where died. If you want to know what kind of man could mesmerise and terrorise his way to the top; be acclaimed by millions one moment and literally thrown out of a pub the next; die in pitiful isolation yet be celebrated by thousands lining the streets in what amounted to a state funeral, then Who Was Hurricane Higgins? is a must-read.
Who Owns Sport? (Routledge Focus on Sport, Culture and Society)
by Andrew Adams Leigh RobinsonThis fascinating collection of essays explores the complex economic, political, cultural and social claims over sport, from multi-disciplinary perspectives including philosophy, history, political science and management. The book seeks to uncover some of the tensions and dilemmas wrapped up within aspects of owning sport and attempts to make sense of the place, role, meaning and function of sport when set against the broad notion of ownership. It considers the relationships between individuals, organisations and institutions, and investigates the power of grassroots participants from the bottom up. In presenting contemporary analyses from many viewpoints, not simply the commercial, it asks the reader to think of sport differently. Important reading for scholars and students with an interest in sport and society, sport management, policy or development, as well as those studying political science, economics, philosophy and development studies, this is also a useful resource for practitioners, managers and those working strategically with sport.
Who Owns Sport? (Routledge Focus on Sport, Culture and Society)
by Andrew Adams Leigh RobinsonThis fascinating collection of essays explores the complex economic, political, cultural and social claims over sport, from multi-disciplinary perspectives including philosophy, history, political science and management. The book seeks to uncover some of the tensions and dilemmas wrapped up within aspects of owning sport and attempts to make sense of the place, role, meaning and function of sport when set against the broad notion of ownership. It considers the relationships between individuals, organisations and institutions, and investigates the power of grassroots participants from the bottom up. In presenting contemporary analyses from many viewpoints, not simply the commercial, it asks the reader to think of sport differently. Important reading for scholars and students with an interest in sport and society, sport management, policy or development, as well as those studying political science, economics, philosophy and development studies, this is also a useful resource for practitioners, managers and those working strategically with sport.
Who Got Game?: Amazing but True Stories! (Who Got Game?)
by Derrick D. BarnesAn illustrated book of true sports stories about baseball for middle grade readers by award-winning author Derrick Barnes, Who Got Game?: Baseball collects the coolest and most surprising tales about a favorite sport, from unsung heroes to priceless stories, stats, and amazing comebacks.
Who Got Game?: Amazing but True Stories!
by Derrick D. BarnesFrom superstar author Derrick Barnes, here is a middle-grade celebration of the people and stories that helped shape the game of basketball, from unsung pioneers to unforgettable moments of the game. Capturing all the joy and energy that mark the sport of basketball, bestselling and award-winning superstar author Derrick Barnes shines a light on the amazing ballers, buzzer-beaters, and record-breakers who haven&’t always gotten the attention they deserve. Who Got Game? Basketball, the second book in his sports series, following Who Got Game? Baseball, weaves together great storytelling, lively illustrations, and a far-ranging selection of facts, stats, sidebars, and quotes. Middle-grade readers will discover the highest-scoring game in NCAA history. The influential center, George Mikan, who created the modern big man role, and 5'3" Muggsy Bogues, the shortest player ever to star in the pros. The pioneering Senda Berenson Abbott, creator of the women&’s game. The legendary Rucker Park b-ball court in Harlem, New York. Plus the first African American players and coaches, greatest comeback victories and earth-shattering slam dunks, longest winning streaks, and so much more. This book will hit you like a three-pointer from half-court!
Who Ate All The Pies? The Life and Times of Mick Quinn: The Life And Times Of Mick Quinn
by Mick Quinn Oliver HarveyMick Quinn, the boy from a Liverpool council estate dubbed 'Little Beirut', always loved his birds, booze and betting. They said Mick had a sixth sense for great accuracy in his playing days - he could find a party from any range. Quinn says he only put £50 on each horse race - but liked to stay in the bookies for twenty races a day!Sentenced in 1987 to three weeks in prison for twice driving whilst banned, Mick's been accused of punching Peter Schmeichel on the football pitch and John Fashanu off it. On retirement, though, Quinn switched to horse racing, the Sport of Kings, but controversy led the blue bloods of racing to hang the scouse oik out to dry and he was suspended from training for two and a half years.Who Ate All The Pies? is the funniest and most honest football book you'll read for a long, long time.
Who Are Ya?: 92 Football Clubs – and Why You Shouldn’t Support Them
by Kevin DayKevin's immense knowledge shines on every page. - Gary LinekerA football book by a fan for the fans. A treasure trove... - Alan DaviesWritten by comedian and former Match of the Day presenter Kevin Day, Who Are Ya? is a mix of comic football observation, friendly fan rivalry and quirky anecdote, featuring a foreword by Gary Lineker and a host of celebrity contributions.Partly autobiographical, partly polemical, but mostly funny, Who Are Ya? is a snapshot of modern football, exploring the history of all 92 English Football League clubs.During his time as a broadcaster, Kevin Day has spoken to thousands of football players, managers and most importantly fans from across the generations. He spent thousands of hours crossing the country on trains, planes, automobiles, coaches – and once a donkey called Lightning – watching football at all levels. This book is the result of that: a tale of being chased down a railway line at Cardiff, a story of meeting George Best, an account of a lady getting her first Hull City tattoo at the age of 80!Crisply funny and with a host of celebrity football fan contributors – including Stephen Fry, Jo Brand, Alfie Boe, Eddie Izzard, Gabby Logan, and Romesh Ranganathan – Who Are Ya? celebrates the joys and miseries of being a football supporter.
Who Are Ya?: 92 Football Clubs – and Why You Shouldn’t Support Them
by Kevin DayWritten by comedian and former Match of the Day presenter Kevin Day, Who Are Ya? is a mix of comic observation, (friendly) fan rivalry and quirky anecdote, featuring brilliant celebrity contributions. During his time as a broadcaster, Kevin Day has spoken to thousands of football fans. He has interviewed countless players and managers from across the generations, and he has spent thousands of hours crossing the country on trains, planes, automobiles and coaches, watching football at all levels. This book is the result of that: a tale of being chased down a railway line at Cardiff, an account of interviewing George Best, a story of an 80-year-old lady getting her first Hull City tattoo – quite simply, a tale of football. Who Are Ya? is partly autobiographical and mildly polemical, but mostly it is laugh-out-loud funny. It's also a snapshot of modern football, exploring all 92 English football league clubs. For instance, the chapter on Manchester City will include an angry and bemused look at modern football finances; Chelsea will include a discussion on foreign owners; Coventry, a hymn to the author's love of football kits; Walsall, a diversion into club nicknames (the Saddlers, since you ask); Spurs will lead to Gary Lineker and the art of TV punditry; and Crystal Palace will lead to superstitions, romance and being padlocked into a train with no toilet on the way to Wrexham. Not only that but there will also be exclusive contributions from celebrity football fans, ex-players and managers, and current chairmen of football clubs.The book will conclude that while there are fan rivalries, football unites more than it divides.
Who Am I?
by null Danny Cipriani‘Powerful and thoughtful’ Don McRae, Guardian ‘A fascinating and incredibly honest insight into the pressurised life of an elite athlete, on and off the pitch’ Piers Morgan RAW. REVEALING. REFLECTIVE. The candid autobiography. Danny Cipriani has always been searching for something. On the pitch, it was a line-break or space. A chink of light to dart through. An angle that no one else could see. Off the pitch, it was seeking a path through the pressure, fame and chaos that came with being anointed the ‘Saviour of English Rugby’. Who Am I? is the raw and powerful memoir of a man of mercurial talent who, with the world at his feet, made his England rugby debut aged 20. A man who, just a year later, contemplated suicide. A man whose safe space was on the field, away from the drink, the women and the drugs he turned to in an attempt to escape his thoughts. Now, for the first time, one of the most compelling personalities in the sport reflects on who he was, where he’s come from and the man he’s become. Alongside his astute insight into playing under Martin Johnson, Stuart Lancaster and Eddie Jones, Danny also talks about chasing his dreams, his desire and passion to represent England, and his drive to become the best player he could be. This is the story of a once complicated man. A man searching for answers. A man trying to understand who he is.
The Whitstable High Tide Swimming Club: A feel-good novel all about female friendship and community
by Katie May'An uplifting story of friendship and second chances. Loved it.' Amazon reviewer, 5 starsSearching for friendship? You'll find it at The Whitstable High Tide Swimming Club...When Deb (ageing bikini, sunglasses) and Maisie (black wetsuit, swimming shoes, goggles) keep meeting on Reeves Beach, they strike up an unlikely friendship based on their love of swimming and their recent divorces. Soon, they are joined by other high tide swimmers, each with a crisis of their own to weather. Ann, a bossy organiser, is caring for her elderly mother at home; Julie has somehow (although she's not quite sure how) managed to produce three children under school age; and Chloe, a bright, brittle girl of fifteen, finds calmness in the water, and Quiet, anxious Bill is soon welcomed into the heart of the club. When the swimmers discover plans for their beach to be paved over for a leisure complex, together they are determined to make a stand, and to prove that the beach is more than just a place to swim - it is the heart of the community.This summer pack your swimming costume and escape to the British seaside! The perfect summertime read for fans of Karen Swan, Holly Hepburn and Veronica Henry ***** Readers are loving The Whitstable High Tide Swimming Club 'Laugh-out-loud moments and dollops of heart-warming community spirit' - Lancashire Evening Post 'A beautiful setting, wonderful characters, and a great story.' 'This book really is about the strong power of female friendship and I loved every moment of it.' 'Uplifting and fun story about resilient women.''Gorgeous!'
Whiteness, Weddings, and Tourism in the Caribbean: Paradise for Sale
by Karen WilkesThis book examines myths of the Caribbean as paradise. These myths are used as a backdrop to market destination white weddings. The book is interdisciplinary and uses historical and contemporary visual texts to examine the way in which middle class white womanhood assumes a decorative, privileged, and elevated position within contemporary images of destination weddings in the Caribbean. To facilitate the notion of the Caribbean as paradise, the book argues that this production of luxury is highly dependent on the positioning of blackness as servitude. To this end, tourism marketing appropriates the Caribbean’s history of slavery; transforming the region into a site where whiteness can consume black labor as luxury.
Whiteness and Leisure (Leisure Studies in a Global Era)
by K. SpracklenThis book develops a new theory of instrumental whiteness and leisure. Empirical research is drawn upon to highlight whiteness across a comprehensive and internationally-grounded range of leisure practices. The book explores sports participation, sports media and sports fandom, informal leisure, outdoor leisure, music, popular culture and tourism.
White Sports/Black Sports: Racial Disparities in Athletic Programs (Racism in American Institutions)
by Lori Latrice MartinThe racial makeup of sports in the United States serves as a classic example of racism in the 21st century. This book examines the racial disparities in sports and the continuing significance of race in 21st-century America, debunking the myth of a "postracial society."Sports can serve as an inspirational example of what can be achieved through hard work and perseverance, regardless of one's race. However, there is plenty of evidence that race still plays a major role in sports, and that sports are key agents of racial socialization. White Sports/Black Sports: Racial Disparities in Athletic Programs challenges the idea that America has moved beyond racial discrimination and identifies the obvious and subtle ways in which racial identities and athletic determinism affect non-white individuals in the world of sports.Author Lori Latrice Martin gives readers a keen awareness of the issues, allowing them to see the links between sports and society as a whole and to perceive that the issues surrounding racism in sports impact people in every realm of life and are not limited to the playing field. She discusses how the media acts as an agent of racial socialization in sports, documents how historical stereotypes of minorities still exist, and looks closely at racial socialization in sports, including basketball, baseball, and football, exposing how blacks remained under-represented in most sports, especially among front office administrators, owners, coaches, and managers. This work serves undergraduate and graduate students in the social sciences to enhance their understanding of minority and majority group relationships and appeals to general readers interested in the history of race and sports in America.
White Sports/Black Sports: Racial Disparities in Athletic Programs (Racism in American Institutions)
by Lori Latrice MartinThe racial makeup of sports in the United States serves as a classic example of racism in the 21st century. This book examines the racial disparities in sports and the continuing significance of race in 21st-century America, debunking the myth of a "postracial society."Sports can serve as an inspirational example of what can be achieved through hard work and perseverance, regardless of one's race. However, there is plenty of evidence that race still plays a major role in sports, and that sports are key agents of racial socialization. White Sports/Black Sports: Racial Disparities in Athletic Programs challenges the idea that America has moved beyond racial discrimination and identifies the obvious and subtle ways in which racial identities and athletic determinism affect non-white individuals in the world of sports.Author Lori Latrice Martin gives readers a keen awareness of the issues, allowing them to see the links between sports and society as a whole and to perceive that the issues surrounding racism in sports impact people in every realm of life and are not limited to the playing field. She discusses how the media acts as an agent of racial socialization in sports, documents how historical stereotypes of minorities still exist, and looks closely at racial socialization in sports, including basketball, baseball, and football, exposing how blacks remained under-represented in most sports, especially among front office administrators, owners, coaches, and managers. This work serves undergraduate and graduate students in the social sciences to enhance their understanding of minority and majority group relationships and appeals to general readers interested in the history of race and sports in America.