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Democracy under Pressure: Resilience or Retreat? (Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century)
by Ursula Van BeekThis book identifies the main factors shaping the fortunes of democracy globally. Why do some democracies in the same region and presumably subject to similar global influences remain stable while others regress? This is the question guiding all the authors of this edited book. In the search for answers, they examine 16 democracies in paired and tripled comparisons in sub-Saharan Africa, North and Latin America, East Asia, Western and Central Europe, along with two polar cases. Insights from the perspectives of history, political science, economics and international relations are offered along with a sketch of possible future scenarios. Combining approaches anchored in the analytical tradition with empirical case studies and given the broad range of topics, this book is bound to be of interest not only to students and practitioners of democracy but also to the broader academic and general readership.
Beyond the Learned Academy: The Practice of Mathematics, 1600-1850
by Philip BeeleyThe tremendous growth of the mathematical sciences in the early modern world was reflected contemporaneously in an increasingly sophisticated level of practical mathematics in fields such as merchants' accounts, instrument making, teaching, navigation, and gauging. In many ways, mathematics shaped the knowledge culture of the age, infiltrating workshops, dockyards, and warehouses, before extending through the factories of the Industrial Revolution to the trading companies and banks of the nineteenth century. While theoretical developments in the history of mathematics have been made the topic of numerous scholarly investigations, in many cases based around the work of key figures such as Descartes, Huygens, Leibniz, or Newton, practical mathematics, especially from the seventeenth century onwards, has been largely neglected. The present volume, comprising fifteen essays by leading authorities in the history of mathematics, seeks to fill this gap by exemplifying the richness, diversity, and breadth of mathematical practice from the seventeenth century through to the middle of the nineteenth century.
Reading Mathematics in Early Modern Europe: Studies in the Production, Collection, and Use of Mathematical Books (ISSN)
by Philip Beeley Yelda Nasifoglu Benjamin WardhaughLibraries and archives contain many thousands of early modern mathematical books, of which almost equally many bear readers’ marks, ranging from deliberate annotations and accidental blots to corrections and underlinings. Such evidence provides us with the material and intellectual tools for exploring the nature of mathematical reading and the ways in which mathematics was disseminated and assimilated across different social milieus in the early centuries of print culture. Other evidence is important, too, as the case studies collected in the volume document. Scholarly correspondence can help us understand the motives and difficulties in producing new printed texts, library catalogues can illuminate collection practices, while manuscripts can teach us more about textual traditions. By defining and illuminating the distinctive world of early modern mathematical reading, the volume seeks to close the gap between the history of mathematics as a history of texts and history of mathematics as part of the broader history of human culture.
The Lioness Roared: The Problems of Female Rule in English History (Queenship and Power)
by C. BeemCharles Beem uses Gender Studies and political and constitutional History to examine the problems faced by female rulers throughout British history, from the twelfth century Empress Matilda's imaginative efforts to become England's first regnant queen, to Queen Victoria's remarkable exercise of political power during the Bedchamber Crisis of 1839.
The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I (Queenship and Power)
by Charles BeemThis edited volume brings together a collection of provocative essays examining a number of different facets of Elizabethan foreign affairs, encompassing England and The British Isles, Europe, and the dynamic civilization of Islam. As an entirely domestic queen who never physically left her realm, Elizabeth I cast an inordinately wide shadow in the world around her. The essays is this volume collectively reveal a queen and her kingdom much more connected and integrated into a much wider world than usually discussed in conventional studies of Elizabethan foreign affairs.
The Philosophical Background and Scientific Legacy of E. B. Titchener's Psychology: Understanding Introspectionism (SpringerBriefs in Philosophy)
by Christian BeenfeldtThis volume offers a new understanding of Titchener’s influential system of psychology popularly known as introspectionism, structuralism and as classical introspective psychology. Adopting a new perspective on introspectionism and seeking to assess the reasons behind its famous implosion, this book reopens and rewrites the chapter in the history of early scientific psychology pertaining to the nature of E. B. Titchener’s psychological system. Arguing against the view that Titchener’s system was undone by an overreliance on introspection, the author explains how this idea was first introduced by the early behaviorists in order to advance their own theoretical agenda. Instead, the author argues that the major philosophical flaw of introspectionism was its utter reliance on key theoretical assumptions inherited from the intellectual tradition of British associationism—assumptions that were upheld in defiance of introspection, not because of introspection. The book is divided into three parts. In Part I, British associationism is examined thoroughly. The author here discusses the psychology of influential empiricist philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, David Hume, David Hartley, James Mill, and John Stuart Mill. In Part II of the book, Titchener’s introspectionist system of psychology is examined and analyzed. In Part III, the author argues that Titchener’s psychology should be understood as a form of associationism and explains how analysis, not introspection, was central to introspectionism.
A Transnational Analysis of Representations of the US Filibusters in Nicaragua, 1855-1857
by Andreas BeerThis book investigates how the encounter between the U.S. filibuster expedition in 1855-1857 and Nicaraguans was imagined in both countries. The author examines transnational media and gives special emphasis to hitherto neglected publications like the bilingual newspaper El Nicaraguense. The study analyzes filibusters’ direct influence on their representations and how these form the basis for popular collective memories and academic discourses.
Milton: Poet, Pamphleteer, and Patriot
by Anna BeerJohn Milton (1608-1674) is best known as the author of the masterful epic retelling of fall of man, Paradise Lost. But he was more than just the 17th century voice of Satan. Wise and witty scholar Anna Beer traces his literary roots to a youthful passion for ancient verse, especially Ovid. She also rounds out parts of his life that have been, until now, little studied. Milton was deeply involved in the political and religious controversies of his time, writing a series of pamphlets on free speech, divorce, and religious, political and social rights that forced a complete rethinking of the nature and practice not only of government, but of human freedom itself. He struggled to survive through Cromwell's rise to power, chaotic reign and death, and then the restoration of the monarchy. Milton's personal life was just as rich and complex as his professional, and here it receives a fresh assessment. For centuries, he has emerged from biographies either as a woman-hating domestic tyrant or as a saintly figure removed from the messy business of personal affections. While Milton was probably a touch tyrant and saint, Beer suggests he also suffered lifelong heartache at the untimely death of his intimate friend Charles Diodati, with whom he was likely in love. Milton's context, from religious persecution to institutional turmoil to sexual politics, is as central to the book as Milton himself. With extensive new research, Milton emerges from Anna Beer's ground-breaking biography for the first time as a fully rounded human being.
Georg Simmel’s Concluding Thoughts: Worlds, Lives, Fragments
by David BeerThis book draws upon the work of Georg Simmel to explore the limits, tensions and dynamism of social life through a close analysis of the works produced in the final years of his life and reveals what they might still offer some 100 years later. Focusing on the relationships between worlds, lives and fragments in these works, David Beer opens up a conceptual toolkit for understanding life as both an individual experience and as a deeply social phenomenon. Taking the reader through artistic and musical forms of inspiration, to the problems of culture and on to the conceptual understanding of lived experience, the book illuminates the richness of Simmel’s ideas and thinking. This sophisticated dialogue with Simmel’s lesser known later works will provide fresh insights for students and scholars of cultural and social theory and pave the way for a reinvigorated engagement with his ideas.
Soziologisch denken mit Richard Rorty: Wider die repräsentationalistischen Prämissen der wissenssoziologischen Tradition (Philosophische Grundlagen der Soziologie)
by Fabian BeerObwohl die Kritik am repräsentationalistischen Bild vom Spiegel der Natur, sowie der darauf aufbauenden Disziplin der Erkenntnistheorie, ein wohlbekannter Topoi des 20. Jahrhunderts war, blieb die Soziologie eigentümlich unberührt von dieser Kritik. Womöglich erscheint sie nach der Lektüre bekannter Kritiken gar als paradigmatisches Beispiel, an dem sich eine spiegellose Auffassung von Wissen modeln könne. Folgt man jedoch dieser Fährte, so wird übersehen, dass auch die Verschiebung vom individuellen Bewusstsein hin zur sozialen Gruppe das zugrundeliegende Bild von Erkenntnis in zentralen Aspekten unberührt lassen kann. An dieser Stelle setzt das folgende Buch ein. Es denkt dabei insofern soziologisch mit Richard Rorty, als es dessen wohlbekannte Kritik am cartesisch-kantischen Bild von Erkenntnis auf die wissenssoziologische Tradition überträgt.
Die Ästhetik des Subjekts
by Raphael BeerDer Begriff des Subjekts meint im Kern das Erkenntnissubjekt. Damit wird vornehmlich auf eine kognitive Dimension verwiesen, die sich mit Termini wie Vernunft oder Rationalität konnotieren lässt. Mit dem Blick auf die Ästhetik lässt sich dies durch Formen der Sinnlichkeit und der Kreativität ergänzen.Die „Ästhetik des Subjekts“ zielt dabei auf eine allgemeine Subjekttheorie, die als Kritische Theorie angelegt sein soll. In diesem Kontext wird die ästhetische Erfahrung zu einem Baustein der Emanzipation.
Die Politik des Subjekts
by Raphael BeerMit dem Begriff des Subjekts soll ein logisch nicht hintergehbares Erkenntnissubjekt bezeichnet werden. Der Sinn dieses Unternehmens liegt darin, ein Emanzipationspotential für eine Kritische Gesellschaftstheorie auszuweisen. Dazu muss freilich gezeigt werden können, dass das Subjekt mehr ist als reine Theorie. Es muss über einen Gesellschaftsbezug verfügen können. "Die Politik des Subjekts“ versucht diesen Bezug auszuweisen und gleichzeitig auszuloten, welche normativen Grundlagen eine Theorie des Politischen für eine Kritische Theorie anbieten kann.
Die Wirtschaft des Subjekts
by Raphael BeerMit dem Subjektbegriff wird auf eine logisch nicht hintergehbare Entität verwiesen, die sich aus den Überlegungen einer konstruktivistischen Erkenntnistheorie ableiten lässt. Gewonnen wird damit aber zunächst nur die Idee einer reinen Subjektivität, die nicht unmittelbar für gesellschaftstheoretische Fragen fruchtbar ist. Dies soll mit dem Fokus auf die Wirtschaft korrigiert werden. Die zentralen Fragen sind, wie sich die Wirtschaft auf der Grundlage einer radikalen Subjekttheorie konzipieren lässt, und welchen Beitrag eine solche Konzeption für die Entwicklung einer Gesellschaftstheorie leisten kann. Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Überlegungen ist das Projekt einer Kritischen Theorie der Gesellschaft, zu dem der Subjektbegriff den Maßstab der Kritik beisteuern soll.
Die Wissenschaft des Subjekts
by Raphael BeerMit dem Subjekt wird eine logisch nicht hintergehbare Entität benannt, die sich aus den Prämissen des Radikalen Konstruktivismus ableiten lässt. Damit ist jedoch wenig gesagt, weil ein reines Subjekt nicht mehr ist als ein Subjekt. Mit dem Fokus auf die Wissenschaft soll es daher auf die Gesellschaft bezogen werden. Die zentrale Frage ist dann, wie lässt sich eine Wissenschaft vor dem Hintergrund eines radikalen Subjektbegriffes konzipieren. Eingebettet sind diese Überlegungen in das Projekt einer Kritischen Theorie der Gesellschaft.
Erkenntnis und Gesellschaft: Zur Rekonstruktion des Subjekts in emanzipatorischer Absicht
by Raphael BeerDas zentrale Thema des vorliegenden Buches ist die Subjektphilosophie. Angelegt ist das Buch dabei sowohl historisch als auch systematisch. Es behandelt einerseits die Subjektphilosophie seit der klassischen Aufklärung. Andererseits werden die zu diesem Zweck zugrunde gelegten philosophischen Erkenntnistheorien mit soziologischen Gesellschaftstheorien konfrontiert. Dabei zeigt sich ein Spannungsverhältnis im Denken über das Subjekt, das mit den Polen aktives und passives Subjekt umrissen wird. Um den Blick auf das Subjekt zu ergänzen, werden zudem mögliche praktische Bezüge des Subjekts mittels eines Streifzuges durch die politische Philosophie, die Moralphilosophie und die Wirtschaftstheorie (wiederum seit der Aufklärung) ausgelotet. Wie im Untertitel angedeutet, geht es dabei letztlich immer um die Frage der Emanzipation, die, so eine Hauptthese, argumentationslogisch mit einem starken – mithin: cartesianisch-kantischem – Subjektbegriff verbunden ist.Da mit der Erkenntnistheorie, der Gesellschaftstheorie, der politischen Philosophie, der Moralphilosophie und der Wirtschaftstheorie ein bereits Spektrum wissenschaftlich-philosophischer Themenfelder behandelt wird, eignet sich das Buch auch als Überblicks- bzw. Studienbuch.
Designing Freedom (The CBC Massey Lectures)
by Stafford BeerDistinguished cyberneticist Stafford Beer states the case for a new science of systems theory and cybernetics. His essays examine such issues as The Real Threat to All We Hold Most Dear, The Discarded Tools of Modern Man, A Liberty Machine in Prototype, Science in the Service of Man, The Future That Can Be Demanded Now, The Free Man in a Cybernetic World. Designing Freedom ponders the possibilities of liberty in a cybernetic world.
In Our Name: The Ethics of Democracy
by Eric BeerbohmWhen a government in a democracy acts in our name, are we, as citizens, responsible for those acts? What if the government commits a moral crime? The protestor's slogan--"Not in our name!"--testifies to the need to separate ourselves from the wrongs of our leaders. Yet the idea that individual citizens might bear a special responsibility for political wrongdoing is deeply puzzling for ordinary morality and leading theories of democracy. In Our Name explains how citizens may be morally exposed to the failures of their representatives and state institutions, and how complicity is the professional hazard of democratic citizenship. Confronting the ethical challenges that citizens are faced with in a self-governing democracy, Eric Beerbohm proposes institutional remedies for dealing with them. Beerbohm questions prevailing theories of democracy for failing to account for our dual position as both citizens and subjects. Showing that the obligation to participate in the democratic process is even greater when we risk serving as accomplices to wrongdoing, Beerbohm argues for a distinctive division of labor between citizens and their representatives that charges lawmakers with the responsibility of incorporating their constituents' moral principles into their reasoning about policy. Grappling with the practical issues of democratic decision making, In Our Name engages with political science, law, and psychology to envision mechanisms for citizens seeking to avoid democratic complicity.
In Our Name: The Ethics of Democracy
by Eric BeerbohmWhen a government in a democracy acts in our name, are we, as citizens, responsible for those acts? What if the government commits a moral crime? The protestor's slogan--"Not in our name!"--testifies to the need to separate ourselves from the wrongs of our leaders. Yet the idea that individual citizens might bear a special responsibility for political wrongdoing is deeply puzzling for ordinary morality and leading theories of democracy. In Our Name explains how citizens may be morally exposed to the failures of their representatives and state institutions, and how complicity is the professional hazard of democratic citizenship. Confronting the ethical challenges that citizens are faced with in a self-governing democracy, Eric Beerbohm proposes institutional remedies for dealing with them. Beerbohm questions prevailing theories of democracy for failing to account for our dual position as both citizens and subjects. Showing that the obligation to participate in the democratic process is even greater when we risk serving as accomplices to wrongdoing, Beerbohm argues for a distinctive division of labor between citizens and their representatives that charges lawmakers with the responsibility of incorporating their constituents' moral principles into their reasoning about policy. Grappling with the practical issues of democratic decision making, In Our Name engages with political science, law, and psychology to envision mechanisms for citizens seeking to avoid democratic complicity.
Database Theory - ICDT'99: 7th International Conference, Jerusalem, Israel, January 10-12, 1999, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #1540)
by Catriel Beeri Peter BunemanDatabaseresearchisa?eldofcomputersciencewheretheorymeetsapplications. Many concepts and methods, that were regarded as issues of theoretical interest when initially proposed, are now included in implemented database systems and related products. Examples abound in the ?elds of database design, query languages, query optimization, concurrency control, statistical databases, and many others. The papers contained in this volume were presented at ICDT’99, the 7th - ternationalConferenceonDatabaseTheory,inJerusalem,Israel,January10–12, 1999. ICDT is an international forum for research on the principles of database systems. It is a biennial conference, and has a tradition of being held in beau- ful European sites: Rome in 1986, Bruges in 1988, Paris in 1990, Berlin in 1992, Prague in 1995, and Delphi in 1997. From 1992, ICDT has been merged with another series of conferences on theoretical aspects of database systems, The Symposium on Mathematical Fundamentals of Database Systems (MFDBS), that was initiated in Dresden (1987), and continued in Visegrad (1989) and Rostock (1991). ICDT aims to enhance the exchange of ideas and cooperation in database research both within uni?ed Europe, and between Europe and the other continents. ICDT’99 was organized in cooperation with: ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data (Sigmod) IEEE Israel Chapter ILA — The Israel Association for Information Processing EDBT Foundation ICDT’99 was sponsored by: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Tel Aviv University Tandem Labs Israel, a Compaq Company This volume contains 26 technical papers selected from 89 submissions.
Red Ellen
by Laura BeersEllen Wilkinson viewed herself as part of an international radical community and became involved in socialist, feminist, and pacifist movements that spanned the globe. By focusing on the extent to which Wilkinson’s activism transcended Britain’s borders, Laura Beers adjusts our perception of the British Left in the early twentieth century.
Red Ellen
by Laura BeersEllen Wilkinson viewed herself as part of an international radical community and became involved in socialist, feminist, and pacifist movements that spanned the globe. By focusing on the extent to which Wilkinson’s activism transcended Britain’s borders, Laura Beers adjusts our perception of the British Left in the early twentieth century.
Women in Mathematics: Celebrating the Centennial of the Mathematical Association of America (Association for Women in Mathematics Series #10)
by Janet L. Beery Sarah J. Greenwald Jacqueline A. Jensen-Vallin Maura B. MastThis collection of refereed papers celebrates the contributions, achievements, and progress of female mathematicians, mostly in the 20th and 21st centuries. Emerging from the themed paper session “The Contributions of Women to Mathematics: 100 Years and Counting” at MAA's 2015 MathFest, this volume contains a diverse mix of current scholarship and exposition on women and mathematics, including biographies, histories, and cultural discussions. The multiplicity of authors also ensures a wide variety of perspectives. In inspiring and informative chapters, the authors featured in this volume reflect on the accomplishments of women in mathematics, showcasing the changes in mathematical culture that resulted as more women obtained tenure-track and tenured academic positions, received prestigious awards and honors, served in leadership roles in professional societies, and became more visibly active in the mathematical community. Readers will find discussions of mathematical excellence at Girton College, Cambridge, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; of perseverance by Polish women in mathematics during and after World War II and by Black women in mathematics in the United States from the 1880s onward; and of the impact of outreach programs ranging from EDGE's promotion of graduate education to the Daughters of Hypatia dance performances. The volume also provides informative biographies of a variety of women from mathematics and statistics, many of them well-known and others less well-known, including Charlotte Angas Scott, Emmy Noether, Mina Rees, Gertrude Cox, Euphemia Lofton Haynes, Norma Hernandez, Deborah Tepper Haimo, and Teri Perl. These essays provide compelling reading for a wide audience, including mathematicians, historians of science, teachers of mathematics, and students at the high school, college, and graduate levels. Anyone interested in attracting more girls and women as students, faculty, and/or employees will also find this volume engaging and enlightening.
Institutions of the Asia-Pacific: ASEAN, APEC and beyond (Global Institutions)
by Mark BeesonThe Asia-Pacific is arguably the most important, but also the most complex and contested, region on the planet. Containing three of the world’s largest economies and some of its most important strategic relationships, the region’s capacity of regional elites to promote continuing economic development whilst simultaneously maintaining peace and stability will be one of the defining challenges of the twenty-first century international order. Intuitively, we might expect regional institutions to play a major role in achieving this. Yet one of the most widely noted characteristics of the Asia-Pacific region has been its relatively modest levels of institutional development thus far. However, things are changing: as individual economies in the Asia-Pacific become more deeply integrated, there is a growing interest in developing and adding to the institutions that already exist. Institutions of the Asia-Pacific examines how this region is developing, and what role established organisations like APEC and new bodies like ASEAN Plus Three are playing in this process. An expert in the field, Mark Beeson introduces the contested nature of the very region itself – should it be the ‘Asia-Pacific’ or ‘East Asia’ to which we pay most attention and expect to see most institutional development. By placing these developments in historical context, he reveals why the very definition of the region remains unsettled and why the political, economic and strategic relations of this remarkably diverse region remain fraught and difficult to manage.
Institutions of the Asia-Pacific: ASEAN, APEC and beyond (Global Institutions)
by Mark BeesonThe Asia-Pacific is arguably the most important, but also the most complex and contested, region on the planet. Containing three of the world’s largest economies and some of its most important strategic relationships, the region’s capacity of regional elites to promote continuing economic development whilst simultaneously maintaining peace and stability will be one of the defining challenges of the twenty-first century international order. Intuitively, we might expect regional institutions to play a major role in achieving this. Yet one of the most widely noted characteristics of the Asia-Pacific region has been its relatively modest levels of institutional development thus far. However, things are changing: as individual economies in the Asia-Pacific become more deeply integrated, there is a growing interest in developing and adding to the institutions that already exist. Institutions of the Asia-Pacific examines how this region is developing, and what role established organisations like APEC and new bodies like ASEAN Plus Three are playing in this process. An expert in the field, Mark Beeson introduces the contested nature of the very region itself – should it be the ‘Asia-Pacific’ or ‘East Asia’ to which we pay most attention and expect to see most institutional development. By placing these developments in historical context, he reveals why the very definition of the region remains unsettled and why the political, economic and strategic relations of this remarkably diverse region remain fraught and difficult to manage.
Foundations of Constructive Mathematics: Metamathematical Studies (Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. 3. Folge / A Series of Modern Surveys in Mathematics #6)
by M.J. BeesonThis book is about some recent work in a subject usually considered part of "logic" and the" foundations of mathematics", but also having close connec tions with philosophy and computer science. Namely, the creation and study of "formal systems for constructive mathematics". The general organization of the book is described in the" User's Manual" which follows this introduction, and the contents of the book are described in more detail in the introductions to Part One, Part Two, Part Three, and Part Four. This introduction has a different purpose; it is intended to provide the reader with a general view of the subject. This requires, to begin with, an elucidation of both the concepts mentioned in the phrase, "formal systems for constructive mathematics". "Con structive mathematics" refers to mathematics in which, when you prove that l a thing exists (having certain desired properties) you show how to find it. Proof by contradiction is the most common way of proving something exists without showing how to find it - one assumes that nothing exists with the desired properties, and derives a contradiction. It was only in the last two decades of the nineteenth century that mathematicians began to exploit this method of proof in ways that nobody had previously done; that was partly made possible by the creation and development of set theory by Georg Cantor and Richard Dedekind.