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Youth Violence and Delinquency [3 volumes]: Monsters and Myths [3 volumes] (Criminal Justice, Delinquency, and Corrections)
by Marilyn D. McShane Franklin P. WilliamsJuvenile crime and violence has always piqued the public's interest. Indeed, each generation of Americans tends to define the youth crime problem as more serious than any previous generation. Even though juvenile homicides have been decreasing since the mid-1990s, the media is still quick to provide dramatic examples of juvenile monsters who are terrorizing their communities. Shootings at school, gang banging and trafficking drugs, school bullies, and charging juveniles as adults are subjects that have recently received wide media coverage. This three volume set on the nature, incidence, consequences, and treatment of youth crime and violence will help readers understand the true nature of youth crime and violence from a variety of perspectives. Each volume covers a different area and experts write on topics ranging from sex offending to fire starting, from gangs to guns, from juvenile probation to charging youths as adults, from mandatory mental health treatment to police in school settings, and more.What drives a teenager to steal? To kill? Why does youth crime and violence occur? Why are youths such vulnerable targets? What can be done to stop youth offenders, and what can be done to help youthful victims? How does the criminal justice system respond? What do communities do to punish and protect youths? What can schools do to intervene? All these questions and more are answered in this set on this timely and important topic. Our youth are our most precious commodity, and protecting vulnerable children as well as helping offenders is of paramount importance for steering them toward safe and productive lives. These volumes help readers better understand the causes and consequences of youth violence and crime and consider ways to address the problems.
The Youth Unemployment Crisis: A Reference Handbook (Contemporary World Issues)
by Christina G. VillegasSurveys the history of youth unemployment and identifies key issues underlying the current crisis.The Youth Unemployment Crisis: A Reference Handbook examines the recent phenomenon in the United States wherein young workers ages 16 to 24 are unemployed or disconnected from the labor force at disproportionate rates. It describes in detail what led to the crisis, who it affects, and what can be and is being done about it. The book opens with a chapter that addresses the nature and scope of the crisis, which is followed by a discussion of the inherent problems, controversies, and possible solutions. It includes essays from a diverse range of contributors, providing useful perspectives to round out the author's expertise, as well as a collection of data and documents; an overview of important people, organizations, and resources relating to the crisis; a chronology listing important events in the youth unemployment timeline; and a glossary of key terms.
The Youth Unemployment Crisis: A Reference Handbook (Contemporary World Issues)
by Christina G. VillegasSurveys the history of youth unemployment and identifies key issues underlying the current crisis.The Youth Unemployment Crisis: A Reference Handbook examines the recent phenomenon in the United States wherein young workers ages 16 to 24 are unemployed or disconnected from the labor force at disproportionate rates. It describes in detail what led to the crisis, who it affects, and what can be and is being done about it. The book opens with a chapter that addresses the nature and scope of the crisis, which is followed by a discussion of the inherent problems, controversies, and possible solutions. It includes essays from a diverse range of contributors, providing useful perspectives to round out the author's expertise, as well as a collection of data and documents; an overview of important people, organizations, and resources relating to the crisis; a chronology listing important events in the youth unemployment timeline; and a glossary of key terms.
Youth on Trial: A Developmental Perspective on Juvenile Justice (The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Mental Health and Development, Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice)
by Thomas Grisso Robert G. SchwartzIt is often said that a teen "old enough to do the crime is old enough to do the time," but are teens really mature and capable enough to participate fully and fairly in adult criminal court? In this book—the fruit of the MacArthur Foundation Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice—a wide range of leaders in developmental psychology and law combine their expertise to investigate the current limitations of our youth policy. The first part of the book establishes a developmental perspective on juvenile justice; the second and third parts then apply this perspective to issues of adolescents' capacities as trial defendants and questions of legal culpability. Underlying the entire work is the assumption that an enlightened juvenile justice system cannot ignore the developmental psychological realities of adolescence. Not only a state-of-the-art assessment of the conceptual and empirical issues in the forensic assessment of youth, Youth on Trial is also a call to reintroduce sound, humane public policy into our justice system.. Contributors: Richard Barnum, Richard J. Bonnie, Emily Buss, Elizabeth Cauffman, Gary L. Crippen, Jeffrey Fagan, Barry C. Feld, Sandra Graham, Thomas Grisso, Colleen Halliday, Alan E. Kazdin, N. Dickon Reppucci, Robert G. Schwartz, Elizabeth Scott, Laurence Steinberg, Ann Tobey, Jennifer L. Woolard, Franklin E. Zimring
Youth Offending and Restorative Justice: Implementing Reform In Youth Justice
by Tim Newburn Adam CrawfordThis book provides an empirically grounded, theoretically informed account of recent changes to the youth justice system in England and Wales, focusing on the introduction of elements of restorative justice into the heart of the criminal justice system, and the implementation of referral orders and youth offender panels. Taken together, this amounts to the most radical overhaul of the youth justice system in the last half century, fundamentally changing the underlying values of the system away from an 'exclusionary punitive justice' and towards an 'inclusionary restorative justice'. The book explores the implications of these changes by using the lens of a detailed study of the implementation of referral orders and youth offender panels to explore wider issues about youth justice policy and the integration of restorative justice principles. It draws upon the findings of an in-depth study of the pilots established prior to the national rollout of referral orders in April 2002. The book will be essential reading not only for those involved in the task of implementing the new youth justice, but others with an interest in the criminal justice system and in restorative justice who need to know about the far reaching reforms to the youth justice system and their impact.
Youth Justice: Theory & Practice
by Jane PickfordThis innovative text examines contemporary issues in youth justice in the light of the sweeping reforms introduced by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Bill 1999. It brings together current debates in both the practice and theory of youth justice intervention and, in the light of the governments inter-agency approach to the problem of youth criminality, provides an inter-disciplinary examination of these discussions. Including contributions from both academics, magistrates and social work practitioners, it is a useful text for students of criminology, law and social work, as well as a valuable resource for youth justice practitioners.
Youth Justice: Theory & Practice
by Jane PickfordThis innovative text examines contemporary issues in youth justice in the light of the sweeping reforms introduced by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Bill 1999. It brings together current debates in both the practice and theory of youth justice intervention and, in the light of the governments inter-agency approach to the problem of youth criminality, provides an inter-disciplinary examination of these discussions. Including contributions from both academics, magistrates and social work practitioners, it is a useful text for students of criminology, law and social work, as well as a valuable resource for youth justice practitioners.
Youth Justice and Social Work (PDF)
by Paul Dugmore Jane PickfordIt is vital for social work students and practitioners to understand the complexities of the youth justice system. This fully revised second edition analyses and puts into context several pieces of new legislation such as the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, the Youth Rehabilitation Order 2009 and the new Youth Conditional Caution. Carefully selected case studies and summaries of contemporary research help to underpin this accessible and essential resource. Ideal for students on placement, this new edition enables the reader to follow complex and often difficult legislation and law. Alternate ISBNs 9780857253217
Youth Justice and Social Work
by Paul Dugmore Jane PickfordIt is vital for social work students and practitioners to understand the complexities of the youth justice system. This fully revised second edition analyses and puts into context several pieces of new legislation such as the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, the Youth Rehabilitation Order 2009 and the new Youth Conditional Caution. Carefully selected case studies and summaries of contemporary research help to underpin this accessible and essential resource. Ideal for students on placement, this new edition enables the reader to follow complex and often difficult legislation and law.
Youth Justice and Penality in Comparative Context
by Barry Goldson Chris Cunneen Sophie Russell David Brown Eileen Baldry Melanie Schwartz Damon BriggsThis book represents the first major analysis of Anglo-Australian youth justice and penality to be published and it makes significant theoretical and empirical contributions to the wider field of comparative criminology. By exploring trends in law, policy and practice over a forty-year period, the book critically surveys the ‘moving images’ of youth justice regimes and penal cultures, the principal drivers of reform, the core outcomes of such processes and the overall implications for theory building. It addresses a wide range of questions including: How has the temporal and spatial patterning of youth justice and penality evolved since the early 1980s to the present time? What impacts have legislative and policy reforms imposed upon processes of criminalisation, sentencing practices and the use of penal detention for children and young people? How do we comprehend both the diverse ways in which public representations of ‘young offenders’ are shaped, structured and disseminated and the varied, conflicting and contradictory effects of such representations? To what extent do international human rights standards influence law, policy and practice in the realms of youth justice and penality? To what extent are youth justice systems implicated in the production and reproduction of social injustices? How, and to what degree, are youth justice systems and penal cultures internationalised, nationalised, regionalised or localised? The book is essential reading for researchers, students and tutors in criminology, criminal justice, law, social policy, sociology and youth studies.
Youth Justice and Penality in Comparative Context
by Barry Goldson Chris Cunneen Sophie Russell David Brown Eileen Baldry Melanie Schwartz Damon BriggsThis book represents the first major analysis of Anglo-Australian youth justice and penality to be published and it makes significant theoretical and empirical contributions to the wider field of comparative criminology. By exploring trends in law, policy and practice over a forty-year period, the book critically surveys the ‘moving images’ of youth justice regimes and penal cultures, the principal drivers of reform, the core outcomes of such processes and the overall implications for theory building. It addresses a wide range of questions including: How has the temporal and spatial patterning of youth justice and penality evolved since the early 1980s to the present time? What impacts have legislative and policy reforms imposed upon processes of criminalisation, sentencing practices and the use of penal detention for children and young people? How do we comprehend both the diverse ways in which public representations of ‘young offenders’ are shaped, structured and disseminated and the varied, conflicting and contradictory effects of such representations? To what extent do international human rights standards influence law, policy and practice in the realms of youth justice and penality? To what extent are youth justice systems implicated in the production and reproduction of social injustices? How, and to what degree, are youth justice systems and penal cultures internationalised, nationalised, regionalised or localised? The book is essential reading for researchers, students and tutors in criminology, criminal justice, law, social policy, sociology and youth studies.
Youth Justice and Child Protection (PDF)
by Andrew Lockyer Fred Stone Malcolm HillThis book is an examination of recent developments in the areas of youth justice and child protection. It investigates how well young people and the societies in which they live are served by judicial and service systems. Consideration is given to those in care - in young offenders' institutions, foster families and residential homes - as well as those living with their families. A broad range of international experts discuss the largely segregated youth justice and children's legal and service systems in England and Wales, other parts of Western Europe and the US, and compare these with Scotland's integrated system. The implications of these arrangements are considered for the rights of children and parents on the one hand and society on the other. The contributors also provide insights into the rationale for current and proposed policies, as well as the efficacy of different systems. This book will be an important reference for policy-makers, social workers, lawyers, magistrates and equivalent decision makers, health professionals, carers, and all those working in youth justice and child protection. It is highly relevant for academics and students interested in children, citizenship, youth crime, child welfare and state-family relations.
Youth Justice and Child Protection
by Andrew Lockyer Fred Stone Malcolm HillThis book is an examination of recent developments in the areas of youth justice and child protection. It investigates how well young people and the societies in which they live are served by judicial and service systems. Consideration is given to those in care - in young offenders' institutions, foster families and residential homes - as well as those living with their families. A broad range of international experts discuss the largely segregated youth justice and children's legal and service systems in England and Wales, other parts of Western Europe and the US, and compare these with Scotland's integrated system. The implications of these arrangements are considered for the rights of children and parents on the one hand and society on the other. The contributors also provide insights into the rationale for current and proposed policies, as well as the efficacy of different systems. This book will be an important reference for policy-makers, social workers, lawyers, magistrates and equivalent decision makers, health professionals, carers, and all those working in youth justice and child protection. It is highly relevant for academics and students interested in children, citizenship, youth crime, child welfare and state-family relations.
Youth Justice: A Critical Introduction
by Stephen CaseThis book provides a comprehensive, student-friendly and critical introduction to youth justice in England and Wales, offering a balanced evaluation of its development, rationale, nature and evidence base. It explores the evolution of definitions and explanations of youth offending and examines the responses to it that constitute youth justice. Bringing together theory and practice, this book provides a balanced exposition of contemporary youth justice debates, including detailed discussions of governmental rationales and practical issues and an extensive evaluation of critical academic positions. It includes a range of features designed to engage and inspire students: ‘Stop and think’: Activities challenging students to reflect on important issues. ‘Conversations’: Discussions of key themes and issues from the perspectives and experiences of relevant stakeholders, including policy makers and activists. ‘Telling it like it is’: Testimonies giving voice to the personalised, subjective and contentious viewpoints of youth justice influencers. ‘Controversies and debates’: Prompts to stimulate students to question and critique established knowledge and understanding by considering alternative angles. ‘Recurring theme alerts’: Boxes flagging up recurring themes in the developing construction of youth offending and youth justice. This book is essential reading for students taking courses in youth justice, youth offending, youth crime, youth work and social policy.
Youth Justice: A Critical Introduction
by Stephen CaseThis book provides a comprehensive, student-friendly and critical introduction to youth justice in England and Wales, offering a balanced evaluation of its development, rationale, nature and evidence base. It explores the evolution of definitions and explanations of youth offending and examines the responses to it that constitute youth justice. Bringing together theory and practice, this book provides a balanced exposition of contemporary youth justice debates, including detailed discussions of governmental rationales and practical issues and an extensive evaluation of critical academic positions. It includes a range of features designed to engage and inspire students: ‘Stop and think’: Activities challenging students to reflect on important issues. ‘Conversations’: Discussions of key themes and issues from the perspectives and experiences of relevant stakeholders, including policy makers and activists. ‘Telling it like it is’: Testimonies giving voice to the personalised, subjective and contentious viewpoints of youth justice influencers. ‘Controversies and debates’: Prompts to stimulate students to question and critique established knowledge and understanding by considering alternative angles. ‘Recurring theme alerts’: Boxes flagging up recurring themes in the developing construction of youth offending and youth justice. This book is essential reading for students taking courses in youth justice, youth offending, youth crime, youth work and social policy.
Youth Justice: A Critical Introduction
by Stephen CaseThis book provides a comprehensive, student-friendly and critical introduction to youth justice in England and Wales, offering a balanced evaluation of its development, rationale, nature and evidence base. It explores the evolution of definitions and explanations of youth offending and examines the responses to it that constitute youth justice. Bringing together theory, policy and practice, this book provides a balanced exposition of contemporary youth justice debates, including detailed discussions of governmental rationales, policy developments, practical issues and an extensive evaluation of critical academic positions. It includes a range of features designed to engage and inspire students: ‘Stop and think’: Activities challenging students to reflect on important issues. ‘Conversations’: Discussions of key themes and issues from the perspectives and experiences of relevant stakeholders, including policy makers and activists. ‘Telling it like it is’: Testimonies giving voice to the personalised, subjective and contentious viewpoints of youth justice influencers. ‘Controversies and debates’: Prompts to stimulate students to question and critique established knowledge and understanding by considering alternative angles. ‘Recurring theme alerts’: Boxes flagging recurring themes in the developing construction of youth offending and youth justice. The new edition has been fully revised and updated and includes discussion of revised National Standards in Youth Justice, the new ‘Child First’ strategic objective for youth justice, the ‘trauma informed practice’ movement, the impact of coronavirus on children in the Youth Justice System and the continued impact of austerity on policy and practice. This book is essential reading for students taking courses in youth justice, youth offending, youth crime, youth work and social policy.
Youth Justice: A Critical Introduction
by Stephen CaseThis book provides a comprehensive, student-friendly and critical introduction to youth justice in England and Wales, offering a balanced evaluation of its development, rationale, nature and evidence base. It explores the evolution of definitions and explanations of youth offending and examines the responses to it that constitute youth justice. Bringing together theory, policy and practice, this book provides a balanced exposition of contemporary youth justice debates, including detailed discussions of governmental rationales, policy developments, practical issues and an extensive evaluation of critical academic positions. It includes a range of features designed to engage and inspire students: ‘Stop and think’: Activities challenging students to reflect on important issues. ‘Conversations’: Discussions of key themes and issues from the perspectives and experiences of relevant stakeholders, including policy makers and activists. ‘Telling it like it is’: Testimonies giving voice to the personalised, subjective and contentious viewpoints of youth justice influencers. ‘Controversies and debates’: Prompts to stimulate students to question and critique established knowledge and understanding by considering alternative angles. ‘Recurring theme alerts’: Boxes flagging recurring themes in the developing construction of youth offending and youth justice. The new edition has been fully revised and updated and includes discussion of revised National Standards in Youth Justice, the new ‘Child First’ strategic objective for youth justice, the ‘trauma informed practice’ movement, the impact of coronavirus on children in the Youth Justice System and the continued impact of austerity on policy and practice. This book is essential reading for students taking courses in youth justice, youth offending, youth crime, youth work and social policy.
Youth Justice: Critical Readings (PDF)
by John Muncie Gordon Hughes Eugene Mclaughlin`An excellent reader. It contains all the basic ingredients of a superb teaching book with the qualities of a thought-provoking text. . . . Should be required reading for all students of criminal justice policy and it will be a valuable teaching resource for all those involved in the delivery of courses on young people, justice and punishment' - Punishment and Society `This is a valuable student text; carefully collated and with an abuntant array of material. . . and will surely become a widely used course reader. For the practitioner and general reader it is a book to dip into, a means to access debates and remind oneself of the ebb and flow of policy' - Youth Justice Youth Justice brings together for the first time the most influential international contributors to the emergent field of youth justice studies. Youth Justice provides: #65533; a critical introduction to the intellectual reframing of the history, theory, policy and practice of youth justice. #65533; an essential resource of key debates and controversies from across the range of disciplines engaged in the study of youth in the social sciences #65533; editorial essays at the beginning of each substantive section of the volume #65533; specially commissioned chapters at the end of each section, which place the readings in their theoretical and historical context. The Reader is the set text for The Open University course, Youth Justice, Penality and Social Control (D864).
Youth Justice: Ideas, Policy, Practice
by Roger S. SmithThe exciting new edition of this well-loved textbook offers a fully expanded and revised account and analysis of the youth justice system in the UK, taking into account and fully addressing the significant changes that have taken place since the second edition in 2007. The book maintains its critical analysis of the underlying assumptions and ideas behind youth justice, as well as its policy and practice, laying bare the inadequacies, inconsistencies and injustices of practice in the UK. This edition will offer an important update in light of intervening changes, as reflected in a change of government and shifting patterns of interventions and outcomes. This book will be an important resource for youth justice practitioners and will also be essential to students taking courses in youth crime and youth justice.
Youth in Crisis?: 'Gangs', Territoriality and Violence
by Barry GoldsonFew issues attract greater concern and censure than those that surround youth 'gangs'. Paradoxically, youth researchers have conventionally been reluctant to even use the term 'gang' but, more recently, such reluctance has receded. Indeed, it is increasingly claimed that – in particular urban 'territories' – youth gangs are commonplace, some young people are deeply immersed in violence and the carrying and use of weapons (particularly knives and firearms) is routine. Comprizing a series of essays from leading national and international researchers, this book subjects such claims to rigorous critical scrutiny. It provides a challenging and authoritative account of complex questions pertaining to urban youth identities, crime and social order. This book: locates the question of 'gangs' in both historical and contemporary contexts engages a spectrum of theoretical perspectives and analytical positions presents and analyzes cutting-edge empirical research addresses a range of previously neglected questions, including those pertaining to girls, young women and 'gangs'. Youth in Crisis? provides a vital resource for researchers, educators, policy-makers and practitioners with an interest in key questions facing criminology, sociology and social policy.
Youth in Crisis?: 'Gangs', Territoriality and Violence
by Barry GoldsonFew issues attract greater concern and censure than those that surround youth 'gangs'. Paradoxically, youth researchers have conventionally been reluctant to even use the term 'gang' but, more recently, such reluctance has receded. Indeed, it is increasingly claimed that – in particular urban 'territories' – youth gangs are commonplace, some young people are deeply immersed in violence and the carrying and use of weapons (particularly knives and firearms) is routine. Comprizing a series of essays from leading national and international researchers, this book subjects such claims to rigorous critical scrutiny. It provides a challenging and authoritative account of complex questions pertaining to urban youth identities, crime and social order. This book: locates the question of 'gangs' in both historical and contemporary contexts engages a spectrum of theoretical perspectives and analytical positions presents and analyzes cutting-edge empirical research addresses a range of previously neglected questions, including those pertaining to girls, young women and 'gangs'. Youth in Crisis? provides a vital resource for researchers, educators, policy-makers and practitioners with an interest in key questions facing criminology, sociology and social policy.
Youth Crime And Juvenile Justice (PDF)
by John Muncie Barry GoldsonThis three-volume set of original readings is designed to reveal how and why children and young people have been repeatedly the subject of adult concern, censure and intervention. It conceptualises notions of 'childhood', 'youth' and 'adolescence' whilst also tracing the complex history of adult intervention and juvenile justice. This collection is particularly timely not only because of persistent concerns over 'out of control' youth but also because of an apparent hardening of adult reactions in many jurisdictions. Youth justice in the 21st century is designed to punish the offender whilst keeping their welfare paramount. It is at one and the same time about crime prevention and retribution. It makes claims for restoration and reintegration whilst seeking some of the most punitive measures of surveillance and containment in custodial and community settings. In the 21st century discourses of protection, restoration, punishment, responsibility, rehabilitation, welfare, retribution, diversion, human rights and so on exist alongside each other in some perpetually uneasy and contradictory manner. Youth Crime and Juvenile Justice provides a lens through which to navigate this complex field. Volume 1 - The Youth Problem Outlines social constructions of childhood and youth and how these are intimately related to the origins of systems of juvenile justice. Volume 2 - Juvenile Corrections Explores the varied means of intervention and correction that currently make up the juvenile justice landscape in jurisdictions worldwide. Volume 3 - Children's Rights and State Responsibilities Examines the deprivations, injustices , abuses and lack of access to rights that routinely surround childhood and youth worldwide. Each volume includes a substantive introduction from the editors. This collection comprehensively defines and maps out the fields of youth criminology and juvenile justice studies.
Youth Crime (Inside Crime #8)
by Colin HynsonYouth crime is one of the most disturbing and contentious issues in our world today. From graffiti to knife crime, discover the truth behind the statistics and find out how police and governments are united in tackling this very public problem.Inside Crime: Youth Crime is part of an exciting new series that takes the reader undercover to explore the real world of crimefighting. Using up-to-date case studies alongside real-life examples of how famous crimes have been solved, Inside Crime gives a vivid portrait of crimefighting today
Youth Court Guide: Fourth Edition (Criminal Practice Series)
by Pakeeza Rahman Tony RendellThe Youth Court Guide is the definitive legal handbook for practitioners involved in the youth court. It provides an in-depth knowledge of the youth court system, as well as the fundamental principles and day-to-day practice that pertain to it, with direction on every stage of youth justice.This new edition brings the work fully up to date ensuring it remains a first port of call text providing guidance on practice and procedure with ease and clarity.It takes account of developments that have impacted on practice and procedure since the fifth edition and revisions include updates to sections covering:Cautions, restorative justice; Separation from adult courts;Youth gang injunctions;Youth behaviour order changes;DVPOs (domestic violence protection notices);Criminal procedure rule changes and development of case management practice - new form, disclosure review, special measures, ground rules;Remands;Sentencing council allocation guidelines where youth charged with adult;Breach of YROs (youth rehabilitation orders);Fines, victim surcharge criminal courts charge;Committal for sentence;Referral orders;More in depth guidance on sex notification requirements (sex assault on other youth);Re organisation of youth offending services also mental health services;Case update including sentencing cases.Chapters follow the sequence of criminal proceedings from the use of diversions, cautions and arrests through to trial, sentences and appeals. Personal insight is provided through explanations from the 'hands on' experience of both authors. The work contains central sections on venue, remand and sentencing for daily reference and focuses on practical solutions rather than academic debate. It also includes a separate chapter looking at difficult areas and legal issues and contains simple flow diagrams to help understand and follow remand powers and venue provisions. A quick guide to sentencing orders is also included.
Youth Climate Courts: How You Can Host a Human Rights Trial for People and Planet
by Thomas A. KernsThis book focuses on Youth Climate Courts, a bold new tool that young people in their teens and twenties can use to compel their local city or county government to live up to its human rights obligations, formally acknowledge the climate crisis, and take major steps to address it. Tom Kerns shows how youth climate leaders can form their own local Youth Climate Court, with youth judges, youth prosecuting attorneys, and youth jury members, and put their local city or county government on trial for not meeting its human rights obligations. Kerns describes how a Youth Climate Court works, how to start one, what human rights are, what they require of local governments, and what governmental changes a Youth Climate Court can realistically hope to accomplish. The book offers young activists a brand new, user-friendly, cost-free, barrier-free, powerful tool for forcing local governments to come to terms with their obligation to protect the rights of their citizens with respect to the climate crisis. This book offers a unique new tool to young climate activists hungry for genuinely effective ways to directly move governments to aggressively address the climate crisis.