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Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
by David HumeDialogues Concerning Natural Religion is a philosophical work by the Scottish philosopher David Hume. Through dialogue, three philosophers named Demea, Philo, and Cleanthes debate the nature of God's existence.
Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences
by René DescartesThe Discourse on the Method is a philosophical and autobiographical treatise published by René Descartes in 1637. Its full name is Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences.
Aesthetic Poetry
by Walter PaterTHE "aesthetic" poetry is neither a mere reproduction of Greek or medieval poetry, nor only an idealisation of modern life and sentiment. <P> <P> The atmosphere on which its effect depends belongs to no simple form of poetry, no actual form of life. Greek poetry, medieval or modern poetry, projects, above the realities of its time, a world in which the forms of things are transfigured. Of that transfigured world this new poetry takes possession, and sublimates beyond it another still fainter and more spectral, which is literally an artificial or "earthly paradise."
Against Apion
by Flavius JosephusFlavius Josephus was a first-century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and royal ancestry. He recorded the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70. His works give an important insight into first-century Judaism. <P> <P> Josephus educated Gentiles and insisted on the Jewish compatibility with cultured Graeco-Roman thought. Josephus's two most important works are The Jewish War (c. 75) and Antiquities of the Jews (c. 94). Against Apion was a polemical work written as a defense of Judaism as a classical religion and philosophy, stressing its antiquity against what he perceived as more recent traditions of the Greeks. Some anti-Semitic allegations attributed by Josephus to Apion (who Josephus states is not Greek), and myths as old as Manetho's are exposed. Josephus also explains which books he views as Jewish scriptures.
Lysis
by PlatoNo answer is given in the Lysis to the question, ‘What is Friendship?’ any more than in the Charmides to the question, ‘What is Temperance?’ There are several resemblances in the two Dialogues: the same youthfulness and sense of beauty pervades both of them; they are alike rich in the description of Greek life. The question is again raised of the relation of knowledge to virtue and good, which also recurs in the Laches; and Socrates appears again as the elder friend of the two boys, Lysis and Menexenus. In the Charmides, as also in the Laches, he is described as middle-aged; in the Lysis he is advanced in years. The Dialogue consists of two scenes or conversations which seem to have no relation to each other. The first is a conversation between Socrates and Lysis, who, like Charmides, is an Athenian youth of noble descent and of great beauty, goodness, and intelligence: this is carried on in the absence of Menexenus, who is called away to take part in a sacrifice. Socrates asks Lysis whether his father and mother do not love him very much? ‘To be sure they do.’ ‘Then of course they allow him to do exactly as he likes.’ ‘Of course not: the very slaves have more liberty than he has.’ ‘But how is this?’ ‘The reason is that he is not old enough.’ ‘No; the real reason is that he is not wise enough: for are there not some things which he is allowed to do, although he is not allowed to do others?’ ‘Yes, because he knows them, and does not know the others.’ This leads to the conclusion that all men everywhere will trust him in what he knows, but not in what he does not know; for in such matters he will be unprofitable to them, and do them no good. And no one will love him, if he does them no good; and he can only do them good by knowledge; and as he is still without knowledge, he can have as yet no conceit of knowledge. In this manner Socrates reads a lesson to Hippothales, the foolish lover of Lysis, respecting the style of conversation which he should address to his beloved. After the return of Menexenus, Socrates, at the request of Lysis, asks him a new question: ‘What is friendship? You, Menexenus, who have a friend already, can tell me, who am always longing to find one, what is the secret of this great blessing.’
An Autobiography
by Catherine Helen SpenceSitting down at the age of eighty-four to give an account of my life, I feel that it connects itself naturally with the growth and development of the province of South Australia, to which I came with my family in the year 1839, before it was quite three years old. <P> <P> But there is much truth in Wordsworth's line, "the child is father of the man," and no less is the mother of the woman; and I must go back to Scotland for the roots of my character and Ideals. I account myself well-born, for My father and my mother loved each other. I consider myself well descended, going back for many generations on both sides of intelligent and respectable people. I think I was well brought up, for my father and mother were of one mind regarding the care of the family. I count myself well educated, for the admirable woman at the head of the school which I attended from the age of four and a half till I was thirteen and a half, was a born teacher in advance of her own times. In fact. like my own dear mother, Sarah Phin was a New Woman without knowing it. The phrase was not known in the thirties
Global Neoliberalism And Education And Its Consequences
by Dave Hill Ravi KumarExamining the impact of neoliberal globalization on education policy, equity, democracy, and union rights, this title highlights the role of private corporations in extracting profits from schools and education services and management.
Rethinking Children And Families: The Relationship Between Childhood, Families And The State (PDF)
by Nick Frost Phil JonesRethinking Children and Families considers the way we approach the complex relationship between childhood, families and the state, and explores the contested nature of the terms childhood, family and state. Theoretical and practice-based perspectives are discussed within the context of recent key developments. Examples of research, reflections on research and key points and guidance on further reading make this a really accessible text. Rethinking Children and Families is essential reading for those studying childhood at undergraduate and graduate level, and will be of great interest to those working with children in any field.
Feminist Philosophy Of Religion: Critical Readings (PDF)
by Beverley Clack Pamela Sue AndersonFeminist philosophy of religion has developed in recent years because of the exposure of explicit sexism in much traditional philosophical thinking about religion. The struggle with a discipline shaped almost exclusively by men has led feminist philosophers to redress the problematic biases of gender, race, class and sexual orientation in the traditional subject. Feminist Philosophy of Religion: Critical Readings brings together key new writings in this growing field. Part one of the reader explores important approaches to the feminist philosophy of religion, including psychoanalytic, poststructualist, postmetaphysical and epistemological frameworks. In part two, the contributors survey significant topics including questions of divinity, embodiment, spirituality and religious practice. Supported by explanatory prefaces and an extensive bibliography, Feminist Philosophy of Religion: Critical Readings is an important resource for this new area of study.
A Student's Guide To Methodology (PDF)
by Peter Clough Cathy NutbrownThe Third Edition of this hugely popular text provides students with straightforward principles and frameworks for understanding methodology. Peter Clough and Cathy Nutbrown are adept at making methodology meaningful for beginners and more advanced readers alike. Their book clearly demonstrates how methodology impacts upon every stage of the research process, and gives readers all of the tools that they need to understand it.
A Student's Guide To Methodology
by Peter Clough Cathy NutbrownThe Third Edition of this hugely popular text provides students with straightforward principles and frameworks for understanding methodology. Peter Clough and Cathy Nutbrown are adept at making methodology meaningful for beginners and more advanced readers alike. Their book clearly demonstrates how methodology impacts upon every stage of the research process, and gives readers all of the tools that they need to understand it.
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals
by David HumeThe subject of the Enquiry is the contributions that moral sense and reason make in our moral judgments. Hume claims that moral sense makes the ultimate distinction between vice and virtue, though both moral sense and reason play a role in our formation of moral judgments. <P> <P> Reason is important when we have to make a judgment about what is useful, for reason alone can determine how and why something is useful to us or to others. Hume briefly addresses what moral judges usually include in their lists of virtues, what they leave out, and how they make these lists. He then returns to the classification of virtues he proposed first in the Treatise. <P> <P> Hume first distinguishes between artificial and natural virtues. Artificial virtues depend on social structures and include justice and fidelity to promises; allegiance; chastity and modesty; and duties of sovereign states to keep treaties, to respect boundaries, to protect ambassadors, and to otherwise subject themselves to the law of nations. Hume defines each of these virtues and explains how each manifests itself in the world. He notes that artificial virtues vary from society to society. <P> <P> Natural virtues, on the other hand, originate in nature and are more universal. They include compassion, generosity, gratitude, friendship, fidelity, charity, beneficence, clemency, equity, prudence, temperance, frugality, industry, courage, ambition, pride, modesty, self-assertiveness, good sense, wit and humor, perseverance, patience, parental devotion, good nature, cleanliness, articulateness, sensitivity to poetry, decorum, and an elusive quality that makes a person lovely or valuable. Some of these virtues are voluntary, such as pride, while others are involuntary, such as good sense. <P> <P> As in the Treatise, Hume explains that reason does not cause our actions. Instead, moral sentiments, or passions, motivate us to act. In the Enquiry, however, Hume goes further to state that our actions are caused by a combination of utility and sentiment. In other words, we must care about the outcome if we are to care about the means by which it is achieved. Several sections of the Enquiry are devoted to utility, the first and most important of the four kinds of virtue, which Hume calls “virtuous because useful.” He also addresses benevolence and its role in the moral process. Specifically, Hume says that benevolent acts are virtuous because they are useful to many others.
Theory Of Knowledge (PDF) (400MB+)
by Eileen Dombrowski Lena Rotenberg Mimi Bick400MB+ File Request - email bookshare@rnib.org.uk to request this title by WeTransfer. Build confident critical thinkers who can process and articulate complex ideas in relevant, real-life contexts. The inquiry-based approach drives independent thought and helps learners explore ideas, questions and perspectives, equipping them with a higher level critical awareness. Developed directly with the IB for the current syllabus. Features - Help learners confidently process, analyze and articulate complex ideas through an inquiry-based approach - Enable reflective, critical discussion via classroom activities that provide a rich basis for guided inquiry - Encourage an open-minded, analytical perspectives through a methodology firmly grounded in questioning - Develop transferable critical thinking skills and enable skills application to the areas of knowledge and the wider world - Support balanced comprehension of both the AOKs and the WOKs for a holistic understanding of how knowledge is created - Navigate the current syllabus with a clear and logical learning pathway that takes you right from the course aims through to the assessment tasks - Drive truly international awareness, with an overall treatment that considers ideas and perspectives from across the globe and their implications for action - Developed directly with the IB and written by a specialist in inquiry-based learning, most closely supporting the IB approach to TOK - Supporting Skills & Practice book builds all the essential foundations, enabling confidence right from the start About the Series: Oxford's IB Diploma Course Books are essential resource materials designed in cooperation with the IB to provide students with extra support through their IB studies. Course Books provide advice and guidance on specific course assessment requirements, mirroring the IB philosophy and providing opportunities for critical thinking.
Black Issues in the Therapeutic Process (PDF)
by Dr Isha Mckenzie-MavingaThe impact of slavery and colonialism still reverberates in black and ethnic minority communities, but counsellors are often given little training on how to respond effectively to the profound effects on their clients. Inspired by the author's own research, this book explores creatively how the therapeutic relationship with people of African or Caribbean heritage can better take account of such deep-seated intercultural issues. Offering real-life stories, examples and poetry extracts, the author reflects on students' and practitioners' understanding of their own connections with black issues and draws on layers of experience to give practical advice. Filled with thoughtful and supportive guidance, the book: - provides direct techniques to assist empathic therapeutic work with the hurt of racism - explores questions that have been asked by practising and trainee therapists - develops readers' understanding of key issues in a global and historical context - encourages practitioners to broaden their experience of working with black issues. This unique and engaging book offers invaluable insight for all students, counsellors and health care professionals who are seeking better understanding in their work with people of black African/Caribbean origin.
Global Ethics: An Introduction
by Heather WiddowsGlobal ethics addresses some of the most pressing ethical concerns today, including rogue states, torture, scarce resources, poverty, migration, consumption, global trade, medical tourism, and humanitarian intervention. It is both topical and important. How we resolve (or fail to resolve) the dilemmas of global ethics shapes how we understand ourselves, our relationships with each other and the social and political frameworks of governance now and into the future. This is seen most clearly in the case of climate change, where our actions now determine the environment our grandchildren will inherit, but it is also the case in other areas as our decisions about what it is permissible for humans beings to do to each other determines the type of beings we are. This book, suitable for course use, introduces students to the theory and practice of global ethics, ranging over issues in global governance and citizenship, poverty and development, war and terrorism, bioethics, environmental and climate ethics and gender justice.
Ethics And The Use Of Force: Just War In Historical Perspective
by James Turner JohnsonHighlighting the just war tradition in historical perspective, this valuable study looks at contemporary implications drawn out in the context of several important contemporary debates: within the field of religion, including both Christian and Islamic thought; within the field of debate related to the international law of armed conflicts; within the field of policy relating to the use of armed force where the issue is just war thinking vs. realism; and debates over pressing contemporary issues in the ethics of war which cross disciplinary lines. James Turner Johnson has been writing on just war tradition since 1975, developing the historical understanding of just war and seeking to draw out its implications for contemporary armed conflict. He is frequently asked to lecture on topics drawn from his work. This current book brings together a number of essays which reflect his recent thinking on understanding how and why just war tradition coalesced in the first place, how and why it has developed as it has, and relating contemporary just war reasoning to the historical tradition of just war.
Ethics, Authority, And War: Non-state Actors And The Just War Tradition (PDF)
by Eric Heinze Brent J. SteeleIn original essays written by both senior scholars as well as rising younger scholars in the field of international ethics, this volume addresses the ethics of war in an era when non-state actors are playing an increasingly prominent role in armed conflict.
Africa's Challenge To International Relations Theory (PDF)
by Kevin C. Dunn Timothy M. ShawAfrica has been noticeably absent in international relations theory. This new collection of essays by contemporary Africanists convincingly demonstrates the importance of the continent to every theoretical approach in international relations. This collection breaks new ground in how we think about both international relations and Africa, re-examining such foundational concepts as sovereignty, the state, and power; critically investigating the salience of realism, neo-liberalism, liberalism in Africa, and providing new thinking about regionalism, security and identity.
John Rawls
by Catherine Audardhis is a fresh and vital series of new introductions to today's most read, discussed and important philosophers. Combining rigorous analysis with authoritative exposition, each book gives a clear, comprehensive and enthralling access to the ideas of those philosophers who have made a truly fundamental and original contribution to the subject. Together the volumes comprise a remarkable gallery of the thinkers who have been at the forefront of philosophical ideas
Ethics And War: An Introduction (PDF)
by Steven P. LeeWhat are the ethical principles underpinning the idea of a just war and how should they be adapted to changing social and military circumstances? In this book, Steven P. Lee presents the basic principles of just war theory, showing how they evolved historically and how they are applied today in global relations. He examines the role of state sovereignty and individual human rights in the moral foundations of just war theory and discusses a wide range of topics including humanitarian intervention, preventive war, the moral status of civilians and enemy combatants, civil war and terrorism. He shows how just war theory relates to both pacifism and realism. Finally, he considers the future of war and the prospects for its obsolescence. His clear and wide-ranging discussion, richly illustrated with examples, will be invaluable for students and other readers interested in the ethical challenges posed by the changing nature of war.
AQA A2 Religious Studies: Religion And Ethics And Philosophy Of Religion (PDF)
by Peter Cole Richard GrayUnlock your full potential with this revision guide which provides both the key content you need to know and guidance on how to apply it for better grades My Revision Notes: AQA A2 Religious Studies: Religion and Ethics and Philosophy of Religion helps you to stay motivated and focused during your revision - and gives you the opportunity to practise and refine your skills to achieve the best grade in your exam. - Breaks down all topics into short sections - easy to read and revise from - Exam-style practice questions help confidence with the exam - 'Issues arising' section specifically helps prepare for AQA AS RS AO2 questions - Concise notes, clear layout and colourful features keep you engaged - You can check your learning with the 'test yourself' questions and tick-box design
Russia As A Network State: What Works In Russia When State Institutions Do Not? (PDF)
by Vadim Kononenko Arkady MoshesDiscusses the ambiguous nature of the state in Russia, focusing on elite networks and their role in policy processes. This book examines the paradoxical dualism of state institutions and ruling networks, providing answers as to why some decisions are not implemented, and why the state exists despite the systemic inefficiency of its institutions. Alternative ISBN 9780230249646
Political Theory: An Introduction (PDF)
by Andrew HeywoodThe fourth edition of this highly successful and accessible text has been substantially revised and updated and includes extra coverage throughout on non-western approaches and international political theory. Each chapter discusses a cluster of interrelated terms, examines how they have been used by different thinkers and in the various political traditions, and explores related debates and controversies. Alternate ISBN 9781137437266
Understanding Classical Sociology: Marx, Weber, Durkheim (PDF)
by John Hughes Wes Sharrock Peter J. MartinPraise for the First Edition: `Totally reliable. . . the authors have produced a book urgently needed by all those charged with introducing students to the classics. . . quite indispensable' - Times Higher Education Supplement This is a fully updated and expanded new edition of the successful undergraduate text. Providing a lucid examination of the pivotal theories of Marx, Durkheim and Weber, the authors submit that these figures have decisively shaped the discipline. They show how the classical apparatus is in use, even though it is being directed in new ways in response to the changing character of society. Written with the needs of undergraduates in mind, the text is essential reading for students in sociology and social theory.
Marx, Durkheim, Weber: Formations Of Modern Social Thought (PDF)
by Kenneth Morrison`This is an excellent introduction to classical social theory. For most students it is the only book on the subject that they will need. The expositions are clear and comprehensive, outlining with almost alarming clarity ideas with which many of us have to struggle' - Alan Bryman, The Management Centre, University of Leicester This is a thoroughly revised, expanded version of the best selling student text in classical social theory. The book provides an authoritative, accessible undergraduate guide to the three pivotal figures in the classical tradition. Readable and stimulating, the book explains the key ideas of these thinkers and situates them in their historical and philosophical contexts. The student gains an immediate understanding of what is distinctive and relevant about these giants of sociology. The book includes a glossary with over 150 entries. For a decade, the book has been required reading on undergraduate degree programmes. This new edition, refines the material, extends the analysis and enhances our appreciation. It is a nugget in its field. Alternate ISBNs 9780761970552 9781446205440 9781446232378