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Foundations of Real Estate Financial Modelling

Foundations of Real Estate Financial Modelling, Second Edition is specifically designed to provide the scalable basis of pro forma modelling for real estate projects. The book introduces students and professionals to the basics of real estate finance theory prior to providing a step-by-step guide for financial real estate model construction using Excel. The book introduces an innovative new financial metric, P(Gain), which quantifies the probability of a Return of Capital and answers the most basic question for investing, "What is the probability I get my money back?". This new second edition has been fully revised and expanded. The book is separated into three functional units: (1) Real Estate Valuation Basics, Theory and Skills, (2) Real Estate Pro Forma Modelling, (3) Real Estate Pro Forma (Enhancements). New and enhanced Chapters cover: Interest rates Amortization Single- and multi-family unit Development module Rent roll module Waterfall (equity bifurcation) Hotel, retail/office and townhouse. In addition, this new edition includes problem sets and solutions at the end of each chapter as well as case studies underpinning the chapter topics. Further chapters are dedicated to risk quantification and include scenario, stochastic and Monte Carlo simulations, equity waterfalls, and adding U.S. GAAP financial statements to existing real estate pro forma models. This book is the ideal textbook for a Real Estate Finance class, providing the theoretical basis of real estate finance as well as valuable modelling skills for the workplace. This book provides individuals with a step-by-step instruction on how to construct a real estate financial model starting with a new spreadsheet. The resultant model is portable, scalable, and modular. A companion website provides the pro forma models to readers as a reference for their own constructed models. Companion web material available at: https://pgainllc.com/

Foundations of Reinforcement Learning with Applications in Finance

Foundations of Reinforcement Learning with Applications in Finance aims to demystify Reinforcement Learning, and to make it a practically useful tool for those studying and working in applied areas — especially finance. Reinforcement Learning is emerging as a powerful technique for solving a variety of complex problems across industries that involve Sequential Optimal Decisioning under Uncertainty. Its penetration in high-profile problems like self-driving cars, robotics, and strategy games points to a future where Reinforcement Learning algorithms will have decisioning abilities far superior to humans. But when it comes getting educated in this area, there seems to be a reluctance to jump right in, because Reinforcement Learning appears to have acquired a reputation for being mysterious and technically challenging. This book strives to impart a lucid and insightful understanding of the topic by emphasizing the foundational mathematics and implementing models and algorithms in well-designed Python code, along with robust coverage of several financial trading problems that can be solved with Reinforcement Learning. This book has been created after years of iterative experimentation on the pedagogy of these topics while being taught to university students as well as industry practitioners. Features Focus on the foundational theory underpinning Reinforcement Learning and software design of the corresponding models and algorithms Suitable as a primary text for courses in Reinforcement Learning, but also as supplementary reading for applied/financial mathematics, programming, and other related courses Suitable for a professional audience of quantitative analysts or data scientists Blends theory/mathematics, programming/algorithms and real-world financial nuances while always striving to maintain simplicity and to build intuitive understanding.

Foundations of Reinforcement Learning with Applications in Finance

Foundations of Reinforcement Learning with Applications in Finance aims to demystify Reinforcement Learning, and to make it a practically useful tool for those studying and working in applied areas — especially finance. Reinforcement Learning is emerging as a powerful technique for solving a variety of complex problems across industries that involve Sequential Optimal Decisioning under Uncertainty. Its penetration in high-profile problems like self-driving cars, robotics, and strategy games points to a future where Reinforcement Learning algorithms will have decisioning abilities far superior to humans. But when it comes getting educated in this area, there seems to be a reluctance to jump right in, because Reinforcement Learning appears to have acquired a reputation for being mysterious and technically challenging. This book strives to impart a lucid and insightful understanding of the topic by emphasizing the foundational mathematics and implementing models and algorithms in well-designed Python code, along with robust coverage of several financial trading problems that can be solved with Reinforcement Learning. This book has been created after years of iterative experimentation on the pedagogy of these topics while being taught to university students as well as industry practitioners. Features Focus on the foundational theory underpinning Reinforcement Learning and software design of the corresponding models and algorithms Suitable as a primary text for courses in Reinforcement Learning, but also as supplementary reading for applied/financial mathematics, programming, and other related courses Suitable for a professional audience of quantitative analysts or data scientists Blends theory/mathematics, programming/algorithms and real-world financial nuances while always striving to maintain simplicity and to build intuitive understanding.

Foundations of Risk Analysis: A Knowledge And Decision-oriented Perspective

Foundations of Risk Analysis presents the issues core to risk analysis – understanding what risk means, expressing risk, building risk models, addressing uncertainty, and applying probability models to real problems. The author provides the readers with the knowledge and basic thinking they require to successfully manage risk and uncertainty to support decision making. This updated edition reflects recent developments on risk and uncertainty concepts, representations and treatment. New material in Foundations of Risk Analysis includes: An up to date presentation of how to understand, define and describe risk based on research carried out in recent years. A new definition of the concept of vulnerability consistent with the understanding of risk. Reflections on the need for seeing beyond probabilities to measure/describe uncertainties. A presentation and discussion of a method for assessing the importance of assumptions (uncertainty factors) in the background knowledge that the subjective probabilities are based on A brief introduction to approaches that produce interval (imprecise) probabilities instead of exact probabilities. In addition the new version provides a number of other improvements, for example, concerning the use of cost-benefit analyses and the As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) principle. Foundations of Risk Analysis provides a framework for understanding, conducting and using risk analysis suitable for advanced undergraduates, graduates, analysts and researchers from statistics, engineering, finance, medicine and the physical sciences, as well as for managers facing decision making problems involving risk and uncertainty.

Foundations of Risk Analysis

Foundations of Risk Analysis presents the issues core to risk analysis – understanding what risk means, expressing risk, building risk models, addressing uncertainty, and applying probability models to real problems. The author provides the readers with the knowledge and basic thinking they require to successfully manage risk and uncertainty to support decision making. This updated edition reflects recent developments on risk and uncertainty concepts, representations and treatment. New material in Foundations of Risk Analysis includes: An up to date presentation of how to understand, define and describe risk based on research carried out in recent years. A new definition of the concept of vulnerability consistent with the understanding of risk. Reflections on the need for seeing beyond probabilities to measure/describe uncertainties. A presentation and discussion of a method for assessing the importance of assumptions (uncertainty factors) in the background knowledge that the subjective probabilities are based on A brief introduction to approaches that produce interval (imprecise) probabilities instead of exact probabilities. In addition the new version provides a number of other improvements, for example, concerning the use of cost-benefit analyses and the As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) principle. Foundations of Risk Analysis provides a framework for understanding, conducting and using risk analysis suitable for advanced undergraduates, graduates, analysts and researchers from statistics, engineering, finance, medicine and the physical sciences, as well as for managers facing decision making problems involving risk and uncertainty.

Foundations of Rule Learning (Cognitive Technologies)

Rules – the clearest, most explored and best understood form of knowledge representation – are particularly important for data mining, as they offer the best tradeoff between human and machine understandability. This book presents the fundamentals of rule learning as investigated in classical machine learning and modern data mining. It introduces a feature-based view, as a unifying framework for propositional and relational rule learning, thus bridging the gap between attribute-value learning and inductive logic programming, and providing complete coverage of most important elements of rule learning.The book can be used as a textbook for teaching machine learning, as well as a comprehensive reference to research in the field of inductive rule learning. As such, it targets students, researchers and developers of rule learning algorithms, presenting the fundamental rule learning concepts in sufficient breadth and depth to enable the reader to understand, develop and apply rule learning techniques to real-world data.

Foundations of Software Engineering

The best way to learn software engineering is by understanding its core and peripheral areas. Foundations of Software Engineering provides in-depth coverage of the areas of software engineering that are essential for becoming proficient in the field. The book devotes a complete chapter to each of the core areas. Several peripheral areas are also explained by assigning a separate chapter to each of them. Rather than using UML or other formal notations, the content in this book is explained in easy-to-understand language. Basic programming knowledge using an object-oriented language is helpful to understand the material in this book. The knowledge gained from this book can be readily used in other relevant courses or in real-world software development environments.This textbook educates students in software engineering principles. It covers almost all facets of software engineering, including requirement engineering, system specifications, system modeling, system architecture, system implementation, and system testing. Emphasizing practical issues, such as feasibility studies, this book explains how to add and develop software requirements to evolve software systems.This book was written after receiving feedback from several professors and software engineers. What resulted is a textbook on software engineering that not only covers the theory of software engineering but also presents real-world insights to aid students in proper implementation. Students learn key concepts through carefully explained and illustrated theories, as well as concrete examples and a complete case study using Java. Source code is also available on the book’s website. The examples and case studies increase in complexity as the book progresses to help students build a practical understanding of the required theories and applications.

Foundations of Software Engineering

The best way to learn software engineering is by understanding its core and peripheral areas. Foundations of Software Engineering provides in-depth coverage of the areas of software engineering that are essential for becoming proficient in the field. The book devotes a complete chapter to each of the core areas. Several peripheral areas are also explained by assigning a separate chapter to each of them. Rather than using UML or other formal notations, the content in this book is explained in easy-to-understand language. Basic programming knowledge using an object-oriented language is helpful to understand the material in this book. The knowledge gained from this book can be readily used in other relevant courses or in real-world software development environments.This textbook educates students in software engineering principles. It covers almost all facets of software engineering, including requirement engineering, system specifications, system modeling, system architecture, system implementation, and system testing. Emphasizing practical issues, such as feasibility studies, this book explains how to add and develop software requirements to evolve software systems.This book was written after receiving feedback from several professors and software engineers. What resulted is a textbook on software engineering that not only covers the theory of software engineering but also presents real-world insights to aid students in proper implementation. Students learn key concepts through carefully explained and illustrated theories, as well as concrete examples and a complete case study using Java. Source code is also available on the book’s website. The examples and case studies increase in complexity as the book progresses to help students build a practical understanding of the required theories and applications.

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 22nd International Conference, FOSSACS 2019, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2019, Prague, Czech Republic, April 6–11, 2019, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #11425)

This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures, FOSSACS 2019, which took place in Prague, Czech Republic, in April 2019, held as part of the European Joint Conference on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2019.The 29 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 85 submissions. They deal with foundational research with a clear significance for software science.

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 20th International Conference, FOSSACS 2017, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2017, Uppsala, Sweden, April 22-29, 2017, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #10203)

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures, FOSSACS 2017, which took place in Uppsala, Sweden in April 2017, held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2017. The 32 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 101 submissions. They were organized in topical sections named: coherence spaces and higher-order computation; algebra and coalgebra; games and automata; automata, logic and formal languages; proof theory; probability; concurrency; lambda calculus and constructive proof; and semantics and category theory.

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 4th International Conference, FOSSACS 2001 Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2001 Genova, Italy, April 2-6, 2001, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #2030)

ETAPS 2001 was the fourth instance of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software. ETAPS is an annual federated conference that was established in 1998 by combining a number of existing and new conferences. This year it comprised ve conferences (FOSSACS, FASE, ESOP, CC, TACAS), ten satellite workshops (CMCS, ETI Day, JOSES, LDTA, MMAABS, PFM, RelMiS, UNIGRA, WADT, WTUML), seven invited lectures, a debate, and ten tutorials. The events that comprise ETAPS address various aspects of the system de- lopment process, including speci cation, design, implementation, analysis, and improvement. The languages, methodologies, and tools which support these - tivities are all well within its scope. Di erent blends of theory and practice are represented, with an inclination towards theory with a practical motivation on one hand and soundly-based practice on the other. Many of the issues involved in software design apply to systems in general, including hardware systems, and the emphasis on software is not intended to be exclusive.

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 19th International Conference, FOSSACS 2016, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2016, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, April 2-8, 2016, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #9634)

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures, FOSSACS 2016, which took place in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, in April 2016, held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2016. The 31 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 85 submissions. They were organized in topical sections named: types; recursion and fixed-points; verification and program analysis; automata, logic, games; probabilistic and timed systems; proof theory and lambda calculus; algorithms for infinite systems; and monads.

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 27th International Conference, FoSSaCS 2024, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2024, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, April 6–11, 2024, Proceedings, Part I (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #14574)

The two open access volumes LNCS 14574 and 14575 constitute the proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures, FOSSACS 2024, which took place in Luxembourg in April 2024.The 24 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 79 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: Part I: Infinite games; categorical semantics; automata and synthesis; Part II: Types and programming languages; logic and proofs; infinite-state systems.

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 27th International Conference, FoSSaCS 2024, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2024, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, April 6–11, 2024, Proceedings, Part II (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #14575)

The two open access volumes LNCS 14574 and 14575 constitute the proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures, FOSSACS 2024, which took place in Luxembourg in April 2024.The 24 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 79 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: Part I: Infinite games; categorical semantics; automata and synthesis; Part II: Types and programming languages; logic and proofs; infinite-state systems.

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 17th International Conference, FOSSACS 2014, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2014, Grenoble, France, April 5-13, 2014, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #8412)

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures, FOSSACS 2014, held as part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2014, which took place in Grenoble, France, in April 2014. The 28 papers included in this book, together with one invited talk, were selected from 106 full-paper submissions. The following topical areas are covered: probabilistic systems, semantics of programming languages, networks, program analysis, games and synthesis, compositional reasoning, bisimulation, categorical and algebraic models and logics of programming.

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 5th International Conference, FOSSACS 2002. Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2002 Grenoble, France, April 8-12, 2002, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #2303)

ETAPS 2002 is the ?fth instance of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software. ETAPS is an annual federated conference that was established in 1998by combining a number of existing and new conferences. This year it comprises ?ve conferences (FOSSACS, FASE, ESOP, CC, TACAS), thirteen satellite workshops (ACL2, AGT, CMCS, COCV, DCC, INT, LDTA, SC, SFEDL, SLAP, SPIN, TPTS and VISS), eight invited lectures (not including those that are speci?c to the satellite events), and several tutorials. The events that comprise ETAPS address various aspects of the system - velopment process, including speci?cation, design, implementation, analysis and improvement. The languages, methodologies and tools which support these - tivities are all well within its scope. Di?erent blends of theory and practice are represented, with an inclination towards theory with a practical motivation on one hand and soundly-based practice on the other. Many of the issues involved in software design apply to systems in general, including hardware systems, and the emphasis on software is not intended to be exclusive.

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 16th International Conference, FOSSACS 2013, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2013, Rome, Italy, March 16-24, 2013, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #7794)

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures, FOSSACS 2013, held as part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2013, which took place in Rome, Italy, in March 2013 The 28 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 109 submissions. They are organized in topical sections named: models of computation; reasoning about processes; bisimulation; modal and higher-order logics; reasoning about programs; computational complexity; quantitative models; and categorical models.

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 18th International Conference, FOSSACS 2015, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2015, London, UK, April 11-18, 2015, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #9034)

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures, FOSSACS 2015, held in London, UK, in April 2015, as part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2015.The 28 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 93 submissions. They are organized in topical sections named: semantics of programming languages; categorical models and logics; concurrent, probabilistic and timed systems; automata, games, verification; logical aspects of computational complexity; and type theory, proof theory and implicit computational complexity. The book also contains one full paper invited talk.

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: Second International Conference, FOSSACS'99, Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS'99, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, March 22-28, 1999, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #1578)

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 7th International Conference, FOSSACS 2004, Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2004, Barcelona, Spain, March 29 - April 2, 2004, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #2987)

ETAPS 2004 was the seventh instance of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software. ETAPS is an annual federated conference that was established in 1998 by combining a number of existing and new conferences. This year it comprised ?ve conferences (FOSSACS, FASE, ESOP, CC, TACAS), 23 satellite workshops, 1 tutorial, and 7 invited lectures (not including those that are speci?c to the satellite events). The events that comprise ETAPS address various aspects of the system - velopment process, including speci?cation, design, implementation, analysis and improvement. The languages, methodologies and tools that support these - tivities are all well within its scope. Di?erent blends of theory and practice are represented, with an inclination towards theory with a practical motivation on the one hand and soundly based practice on the other. Many of the issues inv- ved in software design apply to systems in general, including hardware systems, and the emphasis on software is not intended to be exclusive.

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 23rd International Conference, FOSSACS 2020, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2020, Dublin, Ireland, April 25–30, 2020, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #12077)

This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures, FOSSACS 2020, which took place in Dublin, Ireland, in April 2020, and was held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2020.The 31 regular papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 98 submissions.The papers cover topics such as categorical models and logics; language theory, automata, and games; modal, spatial, and temporal logics; type theory and proof theory; concurrency theory and process calculi; rewriting theory; semantics of programming languages; program analysis, correctness, transformation, and verification; logics of programming; software specification and refinement; models of concurrent, reactive, stochastic, distributed, hybrid, and mobile systems; emerging models of computation; logical aspects of computational complexity; models of software security; and logical foundations of data bases.​

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 24th International Conference, FOSSACS 2021, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2021, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, March 27 – April 1, 2021, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #12650)

This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures, FOSSACS 2021, which was held during March 27 until April 1, 2021, as part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2021. The conference was planned to take place in Luxembourg and changed to an online format due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 28 regular papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 88 submissions. They deal with research on theories and methods to support the analysis, integration, synthesis, transformation, and verification of programs and software systems.

Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures: 25th International Conference, FOSSACS 2022, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2022, Munich, Germany, April 2–7, 2022, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #13242)

This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures, FOSSACS 2022, which was held during April 4-6, 2022, in Munich, Germany, as part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2022. The 23 regular papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 77 submissions. They deal with research on theories and methods to support the analysis, integration, synthesis, transformation, and verification of programs and software systems.

Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures: 9th International Conference, FOSSACS 2006, Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2006, Vienna, Austria, March 25-31, 2006, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #3921)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures, FOSSACS 2006, held in Vienna, Austria in March 2006 as part of ETAPS. The 28 revised full papers presented together with one invited paper were carefully reviewed and selected from 107 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections.

Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures: 12th International Conference, FOSSACS 2009, Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2009, York, UK, March 22-29, 2009, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #5504)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures, FOSSACS 2009, held in York, UK, in March 2009, as part of ETAPS 2009, the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software. The 30 revised full papers presented together with two invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 102 full paper submissions. The topics addressed are semantics, logics and automata, algebras, automata theory, processes and models, security, probabilistic and quantitative models, synthesis, and program analysis and semantics.