- Table View
- List View
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Pragmatics (Routledge Handbooks in Translation and Interpreting Studies)
by Rebecca Tipton Louisa DesillaThe Routledge Handbook of Translation and Pragmatics provides an overview of key concepts and theory in pragmatics, charts developments in the disciplinary relationship between translation studies and pragmatics, and showcases applications of pragmatics-inspired research in a wide range of translation, spoken and signed language interpreting activities. Bringing together 22 authoritative chapters by leading scholars, this reference work is divided into three sections: Influences and Intersections, Methodological Issues, and Applications. Contributions focus on features of linguistic pragmatics and their analysis in authentic and experimental data relating to a wide range of translation and interpreting activities, including: news, scientific, literary and audiovisual translation, translation in online social media, healthcare interpreting and audio description for the theatre. It also encompasses contributions on issues beyond the level of the text that include the study of interpersonal relationships in practitioner networks and the development of pragmatic competence in interpreter training. Each chapter includes many practical illustrative examples and a list of recommended reading. Fundamental reading for students and academics in translation and interpreting studies, this is also an essential resource for those working in the related fields of linguistics, communication and intercultural studies.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Pragmatics (Routledge Handbooks in Translation and Interpreting Studies)
by Rebecca Tipton Louisa DesillaThe Routledge Handbook of Translation and Pragmatics provides an overview of key concepts and theory in pragmatics, charts developments in the disciplinary relationship between translation studies and pragmatics, and showcases applications of pragmatics-inspired research in a wide range of translation, spoken and signed language interpreting activities. Bringing together 22 authoritative chapters by leading scholars, this reference work is divided into three sections: Influences and Intersections, Methodological Issues, and Applications. Contributions focus on features of linguistic pragmatics and their analysis in authentic and experimental data relating to a wide range of translation and interpreting activities, including: news, scientific, literary and audiovisual translation, translation in online social media, healthcare interpreting and audio description for the theatre. It also encompasses contributions on issues beyond the level of the text that include the study of interpersonal relationships in practitioner networks and the development of pragmatic competence in interpreter training. Each chapter includes many practical illustrative examples and a list of recommended reading. Fundamental reading for students and academics in translation and interpreting studies, this is also an essential resource for those working in the related fields of linguistics, communication and intercultural studies.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Religion (Routledge Handbooks in Translation and Interpreting Studies)
by Hephzibah IsraelThe Routledge Handbook of Translation and Religion is the first to bring together an extensive interdisciplinary engagement with the multiple ways in which the concepts and practices of translation and religion intersect. The book engages a number of scholarly disciplines in conversation with each other, including the study of translation and interpreting, religion, philosophy, anthropology, history, art history, and area studies. A range of leading international specialists critically engage with changing understandings of the key categories ‘translation’ and ‘religion’ as discursive constructs, thus contributing to the development of a new field of academic study, translation and religion. The twenty-eight contributions, divided into six parts, analyze how translation constructs ideas, texts or objects as 'sacred' or for ‘religious purposes’, often in competition with what is categorized as ‘non-religious.’ The part played by faith communities is treated as integral to analyses of the role of translation in religion. It investigates how or why translation functions in re-constructing and transforming religion(s) and for whom and examines a range of ‘sacred texts’ in translation—from the written to the spoken, manuscript to print, paper to digital, architectural form to objects of sacred art, intersemiotic scriptural texts, and where commentary, exegesis and translation interweave. This Handbook is an indispensable scholarly resource for researchers in translation studies and the study of religions.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Religion (Routledge Handbooks in Translation and Interpreting Studies)
by Hephzibah IsraelThe Routledge Handbook of Translation and Religion is the first to bring together an extensive interdisciplinary engagement with the multiple ways in which the concepts and practices of translation and religion intersect. The book engages a number of scholarly disciplines in conversation with each other, including the study of translation and interpreting, religion, philosophy, anthropology, history, art history, and area studies. A range of leading international specialists critically engage with changing understandings of the key categories ‘translation’ and ‘religion’ as discursive constructs, thus contributing to the development of a new field of academic study, translation and religion. The twenty-eight contributions, divided into six parts, analyze how translation constructs ideas, texts or objects as 'sacred' or for ‘religious purposes’, often in competition with what is categorized as ‘non-religious.’ The part played by faith communities is treated as integral to analyses of the role of translation in religion. It investigates how or why translation functions in re-constructing and transforming religion(s) and for whom and examines a range of ‘sacred texts’ in translation—from the written to the spoken, manuscript to print, paper to digital, architectural form to objects of sacred art, intersemiotic scriptural texts, and where commentary, exegesis and translation interweave. This Handbook is an indispensable scholarly resource for researchers in translation studies and the study of religions.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Technology (Routledge Handbooks in Translation and Interpreting Studies)
by Minako O'HaganThe Routledge Handbook of Translation and Technology provides a comprehensive and accessible overview of the dynamically evolving relationship between translation and technology. Divided into five parts, with an editor's introduction, this volume presents the perspectives of users of translation technologies, and of researchers concerned with issues arising from the increasing interdependency between translation and technology. The chapters in this Handbook tackle the advent of technologization at both a technical and a philosophical level, based on industry practice and academic research. Containing over 30 authoritative, cutting-edge chapters, this is an essential reference and resource for those studying and researching translation and technology. The volume will also be valuable for translators, computational linguists and developers of translation tools.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Technology (Routledge Handbooks in Translation and Interpreting Studies)
by Minako O'HaganThe Routledge Handbook of Translation and Technology provides a comprehensive and accessible overview of the dynamically evolving relationship between translation and technology. Divided into five parts, with an editor's introduction, this volume presents the perspectives of users of translation technologies, and of researchers concerned with issues arising from the increasing interdependency between translation and technology. The chapters in this Handbook tackle the advent of technologization at both a technical and a philosophical level, based on industry practice and academic research. Containing over 30 authoritative, cutting-edge chapters, this is an essential reference and resource for those studying and researching translation and technology. The volume will also be valuable for translators, computational linguists and developers of translation tools.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation, Interpreting and Crisis (Routledge Handbooks in Translation and Interpreting Studies)
by Christophe Declercq Koen KerremansThis handbook offers a broad-ranging overview of the study of translating and interpreting in conflict and crisis settings and takes the field in new directions. Covering a wide selection of multimodal contexts that build on the fundamentals of translation, interpreting, and their in-between hybrid forms of mediation, the handbook is divided into four parts. The opening part covers perspectives on policy and practices, whether contemporary or historical, and cases truly span the globe, from Peru and Brazil, over Belgium and Sierra Leone, to Australia, Japan, and Hong Kong. International developments require profound considerations about the professionalisation of access to language in times of crises, not least in contexts of humanitarian negotiation or conflict zone interpreting–these form the second part. The subsequent part deals with spheres of community in which language needs are positioned within frames of agency, positionality, and trust, and the challenges that these face. The contributions build on cases where interpreters act as catalysts for translation needs in settings of humanitarian aid and beyond. The final part considers language strategies and solutions in crises. This handbook is the essential guide to translation and interpreting in conflict and crisis settings for advanced students and researchers of translation and interpreting studies and will be of wide interest in peace studies, political science, and beyond.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation, Interpreting and Crisis (Routledge Handbooks in Translation and Interpreting Studies)
by Christophe Declercq Koen KerremansThis handbook offers a broad-ranging overview of the study of translating and interpreting in conflict and crisis settings and takes the field in new directions. Covering a wide selection of multimodal contexts that build on the fundamentals of translation, interpreting, and their in-between hybrid forms of mediation, the handbook is divided into four parts. The opening part covers perspectives on policy and practices, whether contemporary or historical, and cases truly span the globe, from Peru and Brazil, over Belgium and Sierra Leone, to Australia, Japan, and Hong Kong. International developments require profound considerations about the professionalisation of access to language in times of crises, not least in contexts of humanitarian negotiation or conflict zone interpreting–these form the second part. The subsequent part deals with spheres of community in which language needs are positioned within frames of agency, positionality, and trust, and the challenges that these face. The contributions build on cases where interpreters act as catalysts for translation needs in settings of humanitarian aid and beyond. The final part considers language strategies and solutions in crises. This handbook is the essential guide to translation and interpreting in conflict and crisis settings for advanced students and researchers of translation and interpreting studies and will be of wide interest in peace studies, political science, and beyond.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies (Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics)
by Carmen Millán Francesca BartrinaThe Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art account of the complex field of translation studies. Written by leading specialists from around the world, this volume brings together authoritative original articles on pressing issues including: the current status of the field and its interdisciplinary nature the problematic definition of the object of study the various theoretical frameworks the research methodologies available. The handbook also includes discussion of the most recent theoretical, descriptive and applied research, as well as glimpses of future directions within the field and an extensive up-to-date bibliography. The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies is an indispensable resource for postgraduate students of translation studies.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies (Routledge Handbooks in Applied Linguistics)
by Carmen Millán Francesca BartrinaThe Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art account of the complex field of translation studies. Written by leading specialists from around the world, this volume brings together authoritative original articles on pressing issues including: the current status of the field and its interdisciplinary nature the problematic definition of the object of study the various theoretical frameworks the research methodologies available. The handbook also includes discussion of the most recent theoretical, descriptive and applied research, as well as glimpses of future directions within the field and an extensive up-to-date bibliography. The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies is an indispensable resource for postgraduate students of translation studies.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies and Linguistics (Routledge Handbooks in Translation and Interpreting Studies)
by Kirsten MalmkjaerThe Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies and Linguistics explores the interrelationships between translation studies and linguistics in six sections of state-of-the-art chapters, written by leading specialists from around the world. The first part begins by addressing the relationships between translation studies and linguistics as major topics of study in themselves before focusing, in individual chapters, on the relationships between translation on the one hand and semantics, semiotics and the sound system of language on the other. Part II explores the nature of meaning and the ways in which meaning can be shared in text pairs that are related to each other as first-written texts and their translations, while Part III focuses on the relationships between translation and interpreting and the written and spoken word. Part IV considers the users of language and situations involving more than one language and Part V addresses technological tools that can assist language users. Finally, Part VI presents chapters on the links between areas of applied linguistics and translation and interpreting. With an introduction by the editor and an extensive bibliography, this handbook is an indispensable resource for advanced students of translation studies, interpreting studies and applied linguistics.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies and Linguistics (Routledge Handbooks in Translation and Interpreting Studies)
by Kirsten MalmkjærThe Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies and Linguistics explores the interrelationships between translation studies and linguistics in six sections of state-of-the-art chapters, written by leading specialists from around the world. The first part begins by addressing the relationships between translation studies and linguistics as major topics of study in themselves before focusing, in individual chapters, on the relationships between translation on the one hand and semantics, semiotics and the sound system of language on the other. Part II explores the nature of meaning and the ways in which meaning can be shared in text pairs that are related to each other as first-written texts and their translations, while Part III focuses on the relationships between translation and interpreting and the written and spoken word. Part IV considers the users of language and situations involving more than one language and Part V addresses technological tools that can assist language users. Finally, Part VI presents chapters on the links between areas of applied linguistics and translation and interpreting. With an introduction by the editor and an extensive bibliography, this handbook is an indispensable resource for advanced students of translation studies, interpreting studies and applied linguistics.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation Theory and Concepts (Routledge Handbooks in Translation and Interpreting Studies)
by Reine Meylaerts Kobus MaraisThis is the first handbook to focus on translation theory, based on an innovative and expanded definition of translation and on the newest perspectives in the field of Translation Studies. With an introductory overview explaining the rationale, a part on foundational issues and three further parts on object translation, representamen translation and interpretant translation, the handbook provides a critical overview of conceptual approaches to translation which can contribute to our understanding of translational phenomena in the broadest sense. Authored by leading international figures, the handbook covers a wide range of theories and approaches from ecological and biosemiotic approaches to philosophical and cultural approaches, and from computational sciences to anthropology. The Routledge Handbook of Translation Theory and Concepts is both an essential reference guide for advanced students, researchers and scholars in translation and interpreting studies, and it is an enlightening guide to future developments in the field.
The Routledge Handbook of Variationist Approaches to Spanish (Routledge Spanish Language Handbooks)
by Manuel Díaz-CamposThe Routledge Handbook of Variationist Approaches to Spanish provides an up-to-date overview of the latest research examining sociolinguistic approaches to analyzing variation in Spanish. Divided into three sections, the book includes the most current research conducted in Spanish variationist sociolinguistics. This comprehensive volume covers phonological, morphosyntactic, social, and lexical variation in Spanish. Each section is further divided into subsections focusing on specific areas of language variation, highlighting the most salient and current developments in each subfield of Hispanic sociolinguistics. As such, this Handbook delves further into the details of topics relating to variation and change in Spanish than previous publications, with a focus on the symbolic sociolinguistic value of specific phenomena in the field. Encouraging readers to think critically about language variation, this book will be of interest to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as researchers seeking to explore lesser-known areas of Hispanic sociolinguistics. The Routledge Handbook of Variationist Approaches to Spanish will be a welcome addition to specialists and students in the fields of linguistics, Hispanic linguistics, sociolinguistics, and linguistic anthropology.
The Routledge Handbook of Variationist Approaches to Spanish (Routledge Spanish Language Handbooks)
by Manuel Díaz-CamposThe Routledge Handbook of Variationist Approaches to Spanish provides an up-to-date overview of the latest research examining sociolinguistic approaches to analyzing variation in Spanish. Divided into three sections, the book includes the most current research conducted in Spanish variationist sociolinguistics. This comprehensive volume covers phonological, morphosyntactic, social, and lexical variation in Spanish. Each section is further divided into subsections focusing on specific areas of language variation, highlighting the most salient and current developments in each subfield of Hispanic sociolinguistics. As such, this Handbook delves further into the details of topics relating to variation and change in Spanish than previous publications, with a focus on the symbolic sociolinguistic value of specific phenomena in the field. Encouraging readers to think critically about language variation, this book will be of interest to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as researchers seeking to explore lesser-known areas of Hispanic sociolinguistics. The Routledge Handbook of Variationist Approaches to Spanish will be a welcome addition to specialists and students in the fields of linguistics, Hispanic linguistics, sociolinguistics, and linguistic anthropology.
The Routledge Handbook to Nineteenth-Century British Periodicals and Newspapers
by John Morton Andrew King Alexis EasleyProviding a comprehensive, interdisciplinary examination of scholarship on nineteenth-century British periodicals, this volume surveys the current state of research and offers researchers an in-depth examination of contemporary methodologies. The impact of digital media and archives on the field informs all discussions of the print archive. Contributors illustrate their arguments with examples and contextualize their topics within broader areas of study, while also reflecting on how the study of periodicals may evolve in the future. The Handbook will serve as a valuable resource for scholars and students of nineteenth-century culture who are interested in issues of cultural formation, transformation, and transmission in a developing industrial and globalizing age, as well as those whose research focuses on the bibliographical and the micro case study. In addition to rendering a comprehensive review and critique of current research on nineteenth-century British periodicals, the Handbook suggests new avenues for research in the twenty-first century.
The Routledge Handbook to Nineteenth-Century British Periodicals and Newspapers
by John Morton Andrew King Alexis EasleyProviding a comprehensive, interdisciplinary examination of scholarship on nineteenth-century British periodicals, this volume surveys the current state of research and offers researchers an in-depth examination of contemporary methodologies. The impact of digital media and archives on the field informs all discussions of the print archive. Contributors illustrate their arguments with examples and contextualize their topics within broader areas of study, while also reflecting on how the study of periodicals may evolve in the future. The Handbook will serve as a valuable resource for scholars and students of nineteenth-century culture who are interested in issues of cultural formation, transformation, and transmission in a developing industrial and globalizing age, as well as those whose research focuses on the bibliographical and the micro case study. In addition to rendering a comprehensive review and critique of current research on nineteenth-century British periodicals, the Handbook suggests new avenues for research in the twenty-first century.
The Routledge Hispanic Studies Companion to Medieval Iberia: Unity in Diversity (Routledge Companions to Hispanic and Latin American Studies)
by E. Michael Gerli and Ryan D. GilesThe Routledge Hispanic Studies Companion to Medieval Iberia: Unity in Diversity draws together the innovative work of renowned scholars as well as several thought-provoking essays from emergent academics, in order to provide broad-range, in-depth coverage of the major aspects of the Iberian medieval world. Exploring the social, political, cultural, religious, and economic history of the Iberian Peninsula, the volume includes 37 original essays grouped around fundamental themes such as Languages and Literatures, Spiritualities, and Visual Culture. This interdisciplinary volume is an excellent introduction and reference work for students and scholars in Iberian Studies and Medieval Studies. SERIES EDITOR: BRAD EPPS SPANISH LIST ADVISOR: JAVIER MUÑOZ-BASOLS
The Routledge Hispanic Studies Companion to Medieval Iberia: Unity in Diversity (Routledge Companions to Hispanic and Latin American Studies)
by E. Michael Gerli Ryan D. GilesThe Routledge Hispanic Studies Companion to Medieval Iberia: Unity in Diversity draws together the innovative work of renowned scholars as well as several thought-provoking essays from emergent academics, in order to provide broad-range, in-depth coverage of the major aspects of the Iberian medieval world. Exploring the social, political, cultural, religious, and economic history of the Iberian Peninsula, the volume includes 37 original essays grouped around fundamental themes such as Languages and Literatures, Spiritualities, and Visual Culture. This interdisciplinary volume is an excellent introduction and reference work for students and scholars in Iberian Studies and Medieval Studies. SERIES EDITOR: BRAD EPPS SPANISH LIST ADVISOR: JAVIER MUÑOZ-BASOLS
The Routledge Intermediate Polish Reader: Polish through the press, internet and contemporary literature
by Aniela Grundy Oscar SwanThe Routledge Intermediate Polish Reader is designed for intermediate students of Polish and includes a wide range of graded texts. The readings are taken from an assortment of contemporary Polish writing, including extracts from modern literature and articles from magazines and newspapers. The texts have been specifically selected to ensure that students receive maximum exposure to topics relevant to Polish language, history, culture and society, making this Reader an engaging and stimulating resource with a meaningful cultural context. Each reading is fully supported by: a general introduction text-related comprehension questions and extensive vocabulary exercises explanations of any difficult grammar structures encountered in the text a comprehensive glossary at the back of the book detailed cultural-historical notes answer key grammar supplement Suitable for both class use and independent study, The Routledge Intermediate Polish Reader is an essential tool for vocabulary learning and increasing reading proficiency.
The Routledge Intermediate Polish Reader: Polish through the press, internet and contemporary literature
by Aniela Grundy Oscar SwanThe Routledge Intermediate Polish Reader is designed for intermediate students of Polish and includes a wide range of graded texts. The readings are taken from an assortment of contemporary Polish writing, including extracts from modern literature and articles from magazines and newspapers. The texts have been specifically selected to ensure that students receive maximum exposure to topics relevant to Polish language, history, culture and society, making this Reader an engaging and stimulating resource with a meaningful cultural context. Each reading is fully supported by: a general introduction text-related comprehension questions and extensive vocabulary exercises explanations of any difficult grammar structures encountered in the text a comprehensive glossary at the back of the book detailed cultural-historical notes answer key grammar supplement Suitable for both class use and independent study, The Routledge Intermediate Polish Reader is an essential tool for vocabulary learning and increasing reading proficiency.
The Routledge Intermediate to Advanced Japanese Reader: A Genre-Based Approach to Reading as a Social Practice
by Noriko Iwasaki Yuri KumagaiThe Routledge Intermediate to Advanced Japanese Reader: A Genre-Based Approach to Reading as a Social Practice is designed for intermediate to advanced learners of Japanese and presents twenty-five authentic texts taken from a wide range of media and literary sources, which promote a deeper understanding of Japan among readers. The book is divided into ten genre-based chapters, allowing the learner to focus on the textual features relevant to that genre. Key features include: Selected texts covering topics related to Japanese language, society and culture encountered in the Japanese media, from news reports to interviews, book reviews, short stories and editorials. Word lists for challenging vocabulary and kanji provided throughout to aid comprehension and learning. Pre-reading activities to enable familiarity with the topic, the text’s background and words to be encountered in the reading passages. Short grammar explanations of essential structures. Questions to help comprehension, raise awareness of genre features, promote critical reading, and to encourage the reader to think more deeply about the content. Opportunities to write passages, utilizing what has been learned by reading the text. Vocabulary and grammar lists at the back of the book. The Routledge Intermediate to Advanced Japanese Reader emphasizes reading as a purposeful social act, which requires readers to make meaning of the text by considering the authors’ choices in language (scripts, vocabulary, styles) in the text. The learners are guided to situate each text in society (for example, the author, target audience, social-cultural background related to the subject) in order to understand the social significance of reading and writing. This book aims to help learners develop the ability to critically read and write in Japanese for their own social purposes. It is suitable for both class use and independent study.
The Routledge Intermediate to Advanced Japanese Reader: A Genre-Based Approach to Reading as a Social Practice
by Noriko Iwasaki Yuri KumagaiThe Routledge Intermediate to Advanced Japanese Reader: A Genre-Based Approach to Reading as a Social Practice is designed for intermediate to advanced learners of Japanese and presents twenty-five authentic texts taken from a wide range of media and literary sources, which promote a deeper understanding of Japan among readers. The book is divided into ten genre-based chapters, allowing the learner to focus on the textual features relevant to that genre. Key features include: Selected texts covering topics related to Japanese language, society and culture encountered in the Japanese media, from news reports to interviews, book reviews, short stories and editorials. Word lists for challenging vocabulary and kanji provided throughout to aid comprehension and learning. Pre-reading activities to enable familiarity with the topic, the text’s background and words to be encountered in the reading passages. Short grammar explanations of essential structures. Questions to help comprehension, raise awareness of genre features, promote critical reading, and to encourage the reader to think more deeply about the content. Opportunities to write passages, utilizing what has been learned by reading the text. Vocabulary and grammar lists at the back of the book. The Routledge Intermediate to Advanced Japanese Reader emphasizes reading as a purposeful social act, which requires readers to make meaning of the text by considering the authors’ choices in language (scripts, vocabulary, styles) in the text. The learners are guided to situate each text in society (for example, the author, target audience, social-cultural background related to the subject) in order to understand the social significance of reading and writing. This book aims to help learners develop the ability to critically read and write in Japanese for their own social purposes. It is suitable for both class use and independent study.
The Routledge Intermediate Welsh Reader
by Gareth KingThe Routledge Intermediate Welsh Reader is a comprehensive reader designed to provide varied, stimulating and up-to-date reading material for learners of Welsh at the intermediate level. The Welsh Reader provides a bridge between basic literacy skills and the ability to read full novels and newspapers in Welsh. It consists of thirty-five authentic readings, graded on the basis of complexity of vocabulary, grammar and syntax. These readings are drawn from a range of contemporary sources such as newspapers and magazines as well as novels and historical works. It is ideal for learners who already possess a knowledge of essential grammar and vocabulary and who wish to expand their knowledge of the language through contextualized reading material. Key features include: extracts of modern literature and newspaper/magazine articles vocabulary lists for quick reference short grammar explanations of any complicated structures initial consonant mutations marked typographically comprehension and discussion questions full answer key Suitable for both class use and independent study, The Routledge Intermediate Welsh Reader is an essential tool for facilitating vocabulary learning and increasing reading proficiency.
The Routledge Intermediate Welsh Reader
by Gareth KingThe Routledge Intermediate Welsh Reader is a comprehensive reader designed to provide varied, stimulating and up-to-date reading material for learners of Welsh at the intermediate level. The Welsh Reader provides a bridge between basic literacy skills and the ability to read full novels and newspapers in Welsh. It consists of thirty-five authentic readings, graded on the basis of complexity of vocabulary, grammar and syntax. These readings are drawn from a range of contemporary sources such as newspapers and magazines as well as novels and historical works. It is ideal for learners who already possess a knowledge of essential grammar and vocabulary and who wish to expand their knowledge of the language through contextualized reading material. Key features include: extracts of modern literature and newspaper/magazine articles vocabulary lists for quick reference short grammar explanations of any complicated structures initial consonant mutations marked typographically comprehension and discussion questions full answer key Suitable for both class use and independent study, The Routledge Intermediate Welsh Reader is an essential tool for facilitating vocabulary learning and increasing reading proficiency.