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Fractured Rock Hydraulics
by Fernando Olavo FrancissUniquely devoted to hard and fractured rock hydraulics, this advanced-level introduction provides tools to solve practical engineering problems. Chapter I covers the fundamentals of fractured rock hydraulics under a tensor approach. Chapter II presents some key concepts about approximate solutions. Chapter III discuss a few data analysis techniques
Fractured Rock Hydraulics
by Fernando Olavo FrancissUniquely devoted to hard and fractured rock hydraulics, this advanced-level introduction provides tools to solve practical engineering problems. Chapter I covers the fundamentals of fractured rock hydraulics under a tensor approach. Chapter II presents some key concepts about approximate solutions. Chapter III discuss a few data analysis techniques
Fracture Scaling
by Zdenek P. Bazant Y. RajapakseThis volume is a collection of the papers given at the workshop on Fracture Scaling, held at the University of Maryland, USA, 10-12 June 1999, under the sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, USA. These papers can be grouped under five major themes: Micromechanical analysis Size effects in fiber composites Scaling and heterogeneity Computational aspects and nonlocal or gradient models Size effects in concrete, ice and soils . This workshop is the result of a significant research effort, supported by the Office of Naval Research, into the problems of scaling of fracture in fiber composites, and generally into the problems of scaling in solid mechanics. These problems, which are of interest for many materials, especially all quasibrittle materials, share similar characteristics. Thus, progress in the understanding of scaling problems for one material may help progress for another material. This makes it clear that a dialogue between researchers in various fields of mechanics is highly desirable and should be promoted. In view of this, this volume should be of interest to researchers and advanced graduate students in materials science, solid mechanics and civil engineering.
Fracture Processes of Concrete (New Directions in Civil Engineering #12)
by Jan G.M. van MierDespite tremendous advances made in fracture mechanics of concrete in recent years, very little information has been available on the nature of fracture processes and on reliable test methods for determining parameters for the different models. Moreover, most texts on this topic discuss numerical modeling but fail to consider experimentation. This book fills these gaps and synthesizes progress in the field in a simple, straightforward manner geared to practical applications.
Fracture Processes of Concrete: Assessment Of Material Parameters For Fracture Models (New Directions in Civil Engineering #12)
by Jan G.M. van MierDespite tremendous advances made in fracture mechanics of concrete in recent years, very little information has been available on the nature of fracture processes and on reliable test methods for determining parameters for the different models. Moreover, most texts on this topic discuss numerical modeling but fail to consider experimentation. This book fills these gaps and synthesizes progress in the field in a simple, straightforward manner geared to practical applications.
Fracture Phenomena in Nature and Technology: Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on Fracture Phenomena in Nature and Technology held in Brescia, Italy, 1-5 July 2012
by Davide Bigoni Angelo Carini Massimiliano Gei Alberto SalvadoriThis book contains contributions presented at the IUTAM Symposium "Fracture Phenomena in Nature and Technology" held in Brescia, Italy, 1-5 July, 2012.The objective of the Symposium was fracture research, interpreted broadly to include new engineering and structural mechanics treatments of damage development and crack growth and also large-scale failure processes as exemplified by earthquake or landslide failures, ice shelf break-up and hydraulic fracturing (natural or for resource extraction or CO2 sequestration), as well as small-scale rupture phenomena in materials physics including, e.g. inception of shear banding, void growth, adhesion and decohesion in contact and friction, crystal dislocation processes and atomic/electronic scale treatment of brittle crack tips and fundamental cohesive properties. Special emphasis was given to multiscale fracture description and new scale-bridging formulations capable to substantiate recent experiments and tailored to become the basis for innovative computational algorithms.
Fracture of Metals, Polymers, and Glasses: Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Fundamental Phenomena in the Materials Sciences (Fundamental Phenomena in the Materials Science #4)
by L. BonisElucidation of the various mechanisms responsible for fracture in different materials was the general subject of the Fourth Annual Symposium on Fundamental Phenomena in the Materials Sciences held January 31 and February 1, 1966, in Boston and sponsored by the Ilikon Corporation of Natick, Massachusetts. In an analysis of the brittle-to-ductile transition in polycrystalline metals, T. L. Johnston (Ford Motor Company) placed major emphasis on factors related to the plastic resistance associated with grain boundaries and the effects of plastic anisotropy. Utilizing a generalized form of the Griffith criterion, he said it can be readily shown that several individual factors may be made reasonably quantitative and that the nature of plastic response can be predicted. Specifically, it can be shown that a critical factor relates to the length of a plastic shear zone which is constrained by an elastically loaded matrix. As this length increases, the Griffith inequality is satisfied and brittle failure occurs; however, the use of decreased grain sizes or the refine ment of dislocation or twin distribution can further tend to "homoge nize" the plastic flow and to decrease the magnitude of the shear zone. Of considerable importance in the consideration of plastic resistance is the availability of favorably oriented slip systems in aa un sheared crystallite.
Fracture of Materials Under Compression Along Cracks (Advanced Structured Materials #138)
by Aleksander N. Guz Viacheslav L. Bogdanov Vladimir M. NazarenkoThis book addresses the problems of fracture mechanics of materials with cracks under the loading directed along the cracks. It considers two non-classical fracture mechanisms, namely the fracture of bodies compressed along cracks and the fracture of materials with initial (residual) stresses acting in parallel to the surfaces of cracks location, and presents new approaches (also including combined one) developed in the framework of three-dimensional linearized mechanics of deformable bodies. It then discusses the results of studies on two- and three-dimensional problems for various configurations of crack locations in isotropic and anisotropic materials, and based on these results, critically evaluates the accuracy and applicability limits of the “beam approximation” approach, which is widely used to study various problems of the fracture of bodies under compression along parallel cracks.
Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures
by S. H. Teoh K. H. LeeRecent advances in the field of fracture of engineering materials and structures have increasingly indicated its multidisciplinary nature. This area of research now involves scientists and engineers who work in materials science, applied mathematics and mechanics, and also computer scientists. The present volume, which contains the Proceedings of the Joint FEFG/lCF International Conference on Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures held in Singapore from the 6th to 8th of August 1991, is a testimony of this multidisciplinary nature. This International Conference was the Second Symposium of the Far East Fracture Group (FEFG) and thus provided a unique opportunity for researchers and engineers in the Far East region to exchange and acquire knowledge of new advances and applications in fracture. The Conference was also the Inter-Quadrennial International Conference on Fracture (ICF) for 1991 and thus appealed to researchers in the international arena who wished to take advantage of this meeting to present their findings. The Conference has brought together over 130 participants from more than 24 countries, and they represented government and industrial research laboratories as well as academic institutions. It has thus achieved its objective of bringing together scientists and engineers with different backgrounds and perspectives but with . a common interest in new developments in the fracture of engineering materials and structures. This volume contains 4 keynote papers, 4 invited papers and 130 contributed papers.
The Fracture of Brittle Materials: Testing and Analysis
by Stephen W. Freiman John J. Mecholsky Jr.Provides a modern, practical approach to the understanding and measurement procedures relevant to the fracture of brittle materials This book examines the testing and analysis of the fracture of brittle materials. Expanding on the measurement and analysis methodology contained in the first edition, it covers the relevant measurements (toughness and strength), material types, fracture mechanics, measurement techniques, reliability and lifetime predictions, microstructural considerations, and material/test selection processes appropriate for the analysis of the fracture behavior of brittle materials. The Fracture of Brittle Materials: Testing and Analysis, Second Edition summarizes the concepts behind the selection of a test procedure for fracture toughness and strength, and goes into detail on how the statistics of fracture can be used to assure reliability. It explains the importance of the role of microstructure in these determinations and emphasizes the use of fractographic analysis as an important tool in understanding why a part failed. The new edition includes a significant quantity of material related to the fracture of biomaterials, and features two new chapters—one on thermal shock, the other on the modeling of the fracture process. It also expands on a discussion of how to treat the statistics of fracture strength data to ensure reliability. Provides practical analysis of fracture toughness and strength Introduces the engineering and materials student to the basic concepts necessary for analyzing brittle fracture Contains new statistical analysis procedures to allow for the prediction of the safe design of brittle components Contains real-world examples to assist the reader in applying the concepts to their own research, material development, and quality-control needs The Fracture of Brittle Materials: Testing and Analysis, Second Edition is an important resource for all students, technicians, engineers, scientists, and researchers involved in the study, analysis, creation, or testing of ceramics.
The Fracture of Brittle Materials: Testing and Analysis
by Stephen W. Freiman John J. Mecholsky Jr.Provides a modern, practical approach to the understanding and measurement procedures relevant to the fracture of brittle materials This book examines the testing and analysis of the fracture of brittle materials. Expanding on the measurement and analysis methodology contained in the first edition, it covers the relevant measurements (toughness and strength), material types, fracture mechanics, measurement techniques, reliability and lifetime predictions, microstructural considerations, and material/test selection processes appropriate for the analysis of the fracture behavior of brittle materials. The Fracture of Brittle Materials: Testing and Analysis, Second Edition summarizes the concepts behind the selection of a test procedure for fracture toughness and strength, and goes into detail on how the statistics of fracture can be used to assure reliability. It explains the importance of the role of microstructure in these determinations and emphasizes the use of fractographic analysis as an important tool in understanding why a part failed. The new edition includes a significant quantity of material related to the fracture of biomaterials, and features two new chapters—one on thermal shock, the other on the modeling of the fracture process. It also expands on a discussion of how to treat the statistics of fracture strength data to ensure reliability. Provides practical analysis of fracture toughness and strength Introduces the engineering and materials student to the basic concepts necessary for analyzing brittle fracture Contains new statistical analysis procedures to allow for the prediction of the safe design of brittle components Contains real-world examples to assist the reader in applying the concepts to their own research, material development, and quality-control needs The Fracture of Brittle Materials: Testing and Analysis, Second Edition is an important resource for all students, technicians, engineers, scientists, and researchers involved in the study, analysis, creation, or testing of ceramics.
Fracture Nanomechanics
by Takayuki Kitamura Hiroyuki Hirakata Takashi Sumigawa Takahiro ShimadaMaterials of micro-/nanometer dimensions have aroused remarkable interest, motivated by the diverse utility of unconventional mechanical and electronic properties distinguished from the bulk counterpart and various industrial applications such as electronic/optic devices and MEMS/NEMS. The size of their elements is now, ultimately, approaching nano
Fracture micromechanics of polymer materials (Fatigue and Fracture #2)
by V.S. Kuksenko Vitauts P. TamuszWithin the last two decades fracture theory has been one of the most rapidly advancing fields of continuous media mechanics. Noteworthy suc cess has been achieved in linear fracture mechanics where the propagation of the macrocrack in elastic materials is under study. However, fracture of materials is by no means a simple process since it involves fracture of structural elements ranging from atomic sizes to macrocracks. To obtain all information about how and why materials fail, all stages of the process must be studied. For a long time both mechanical engineers and physicists have been concerned with the problem of the fracture of solids. Unfortunately, most of their work has been independent of the others. To solve the problem not only requires the minds and work of mechanical engineers and physicists but chemists and other specialists must be consulted as well. In this book we will consider some conclusions of the "physical" and "mechanical" schools acquired by the A. F. Joffe Physics-Technical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad and the Institute of Polymer Mechanics of Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences in Riga. The methods for studying the phenomena of fracture applied at both Institutes are different yet complimentary to one another; the materials tested are also sometimes different.
Fracture Mechanics Technology Applied to Material Evaluation and Structure Design: Proceedings of an International Conference on ‘Fracture Mechanics Technology Applied to Material Evaluation and Structure Design’, held at the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, August 10–13, 1982
by George C Sih N. Ryan R. JonesThe International Conference on Fracture Mechanics Technology Applied to Material Evaluation and Structure Design was held in Melbourne, Australia, from August 10 to 13, 1982. It was sponsored jointly by the Australian Fracture Group and Institute of Fracture and Solid Mechanics at Lehigh University. Pro fessor G. C. Sih of Lehigh University, Drs. N. E. Ryan and R. Jones of Aeronau tical Research Laboratories served as Co-Chairmen. They initiated the organiza tion of this international event to provide an opportunity for the practitioners, engineers and interested individuals to present and discuss recent advances in the evaluation of material and structure damage originating from defects or cracks. Particular emphases were placed on applying the fracture mechanics tech nology for assessing interactions between material properties, design and opera tional requirements. It is timely to hold such a Conference in Australia as she embarks on technology extensive industries where safeguarding structures from pre mature and unexpected failure is essential from both the technical and economical points. view The application of system-type approach to failure control owes much of its success to fracture mechanics. It is now generally accepted that the discipline, when properly implemented, provides a sound engineering basis for accounting in teractions between material properties, design, fabrication, inspection and op erational requirements. The approach offers effective solutions for design and maintenance of large-scale energy generation plants, mining machineries, oil ex ploration and retrieval equipments, land, sea and air transport vehicles.
The Fracture Mechanics of Plant Materials: Wood and Bamboo
by Zhuoping Shao Fuli WangThis book introduces readers to the application of fracture mechanics and mesomechanics to the analysis of the fracture behaviors of wood and bamboo. It presents a range of research methods to study the fracture behaviors of wood and bamboo, taking into account their various fracture mechanisms resulting from differences in their macroscopic and microscopic structures. It combines theoretical analysis with experiments, as well as various mathematical tools and experimental approaches. The research methods are illustrated by simple schematic diagrams, and the results obtained are largely presented as tables and figures, helping to make the book concise and compact. As such, it provides a valuable guide to the development of new biocomposites that possess exceptional strength and toughness properties and successfully overcome the shortcomings of biomaterials.
Fracture Mechanics of Piezoelectric Solids with Interface Cracks (Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics #83)
by Volodymyr Govorukha Marc Kamlah Volodymyr Loboda Yuri LapustaThis book provides a comprehensive study of cracks situated at the interface of two piezoelectric materials. It discusses different electric boundary conditions along the crack faces, in particular the cases of electrically permeable, impermeable, partially permeable, and conducting cracks. The book also elaborates on a new technique for the determination of electromechanical fields at the tips of interface cracks in finite sized piezoceramic bodies of arbitrary shape under different load types. It solves scientific problems of solid mechanics in connection with the investigation of electromechanical fields in piezoceramic bodies with interface cracks, and develops calculation models and solution methods for plane fracture mechanical problems for piecewise homogeneous piezoceramic bodies with cracks at the interfaces. It discusses the “open” crack model, which leads to a physically unrealistic oscillating singularity at the crack tips, and the contact zone model for in-plane straight interface cracks between two dissimilar piezoelectric materials. It also investigates the model of a crack with electro-mechanical pre-fracture zones. The formulated problems are reduced to problems of linear relationship, which correspond to different crack models, and their exact analytical solutions are found. The book presents in detail the expressions for stress and electric displacement intensity factors, as well as for the energy release rate. The influence of the electric permittivity of the crack, the mechanical load and the electric field upon the electro-elastic state, as well as the main fracture mechanical parameters, are analyzed and clearly illustrated.This book addresses postgraduate students, university teachers and researchers dealing with the problems of fracture mechanics of piezoelectric materials, as well as engineers who are active in the analysis of strength and durability of piezoelectric constructions.
Fracture Mechanics of Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Solids
by Daining Fang Jinxi LiuFracture Mechanics of Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Solids presents a systematic and comprehensive coverage of the fracture mechanics of piezoelectric/ferroelectric materials, which includes the theoretical analysis, numerical computations and experimental observations. The main emphasis is placed on the mechanics description of various crack problems such static, dynamic and interface fractures as well as the physical explanations for the mechanism of electrically induced fracture.The book is intended for postgraduate students, researchers and engineers in the fields of solid mechanics, applied physics, material science and mechanical engineering.Dr. Daining Fang is a professor at the School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, China; Dr. Jinxi Liu is a professor at the Department of Engineering Mechanics, Shijiazhuang Railway Institute, China.
Fracture Mechanics of Metals, Composites, Welds, and Bolted Joints: Application of LEFM, EPFM, and FMDM Theory
by Bahram FarahmandIn the preliminary stage of designing new structural hardware to perform a given mission in a fluctuating load environment, there are several factors that the designer should consider. Trade studies for different design configurations should be performed and, based on strength and weight considerations, among others, an optimum configuration selected. The selected design must withstand the environment in question without failure. Therefore, a comprehensive structural analysis that consists of static, dynamic, fatigue, and fracture is necessary to ensure the integrity of the structure. Engineers must also consider the feasibility of fabricating the structural hardware in the material selection process. During the past few decades, fracture mechanics has become a necessary discipline for the solution of many structural problems in which the survivability of structure containing pre-existing flaws is of great interest. These problems include structural failures resulting from cracks that are inherent in the material, or defects that are introduced in the part due to improper handling or rough machining, that must be assessed through fracture mechanics concepts.
Fracture Mechanics of Electrically Passive and Active Composites with Periodic Cracking along the Interface (Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering)
by Sergey Kozinov Volodymyr LobodaThis book offers a comprehensive and timely review of the fracture behavior of bimaterial composites consisting of periodically connected components, i.e. of bimaterial composites possessing periodical cracks along the interface. It first presents an overview of the literature, and then analyzes the isotropic, anisotropic and piezoelectric/dielectric properties of bimaterial components, gradually increasing the difficulty of the solutions discussed up to the coupled electromechanical problems. While in the case of isotropic and anisotropic materials it covers the problems generated by an arbitrary set of cracks, for the piezoelectric materials it focuses on studying the influence of the electric permittivity of the crack’s filler, using not only a simple, fully electrically permeable model, but also a physically realistic, semi-permeable model. Throughout the analyses, the effects of the contact of the crack faces are taken into account so as to exclude the physically unrealistic interpenetration of the composite components that are typical of the classical open model. Further, the book derives and examines the mechanical and electromechanical fields, stress and electric intensity factors in detail. Providing extensive information on the fracture processes taking place in composite materials, the book helps readers become familiar with mathematical methods of complex function theory for obtaining exact analytical solutions.
Fracture mechanics of concrete: Structural Application and Numerical Calculation (Engineering Applications of Fracture Mechanics #4)
by A. Ditomasso George C SihConcrete has traditionally been known as a material used widely in the construction of roads, bridges and buildings. Since cost effectiveness has always been one of the more important aspects of design, concrete, when reinforced and/or prestressed, is finding more use in other areas of application such as floating marine structures, storage tanks, nuclear vessel containments and a host of other structures. Because of the demand for concrete to operate under different loading and environmen tal conditions, increasing attention has been paid to study concrete specimens and structure behavior. A subject of major concern is how the localized segregation of the constituents in concrete would affect its global behavior. The degree of nonhomogeneity due to material property and damage. by yielding and/or cracking depends on the size scale and loading rate under consideration. Segregation or clustering of aggregates at the macroscopic level will affect specimen behavior to a larger degree than it would to a large structure such as a dam. Hence, a knowledge of concrete behavior over a wide range of scale is desired. The parameters governing micro-and macro-cracking and the techniques for evaluating and observing the damage in concrete need to be better understood. This volume is intended to be an attempt in this direction. The application of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics to concrete is discussed in several of the chapters.
Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics: Volume 7 Composites, Impact, Statistics, and High-Temperature Phenomena
by R. C. Bradt A. G. Evans D. P. Hasselman F. F. LangeThese volumes, 7 and 8, of Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics constitute the proceedings of an international symposium on the fracture mechanics of ceramic materials held at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia on June 19, 20 and 21, 1985. These proceedings constitute the fourth pair of volumes of a continuing series of conferences. The theme of this conference, as the previous three, focused on the mechanical behavior of ceramic materials in terms of the characteristics of cracks, particularly the roles which they assume in the fracture process. The 78 contributed papers by over 100 authors and co-authors represent the current state of the field. They address many of the theoretical and practical problems of interest to those concerned with brittle fracture. The program chairmen gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance for the Symposium provided by the EXXON Foundation, the Army Research Office, the Natio~al Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research. Without their support, this conference simply would not have been possible. The suggestions of Drs. J. C. Hurt, R. C. Pohanka, and L. Toth were particularly helpful in assuring the success of this symposium. Special appreciation is extended to Professor J. I. Robertson, C. P. Miles Professor of History. whose presentation following the banquet on the American Civil War was very well received by the audience. Finally, we wish to also thank our joint secretaries, especially Karen Snider, for their patience and help in finally bringing these proceedings to press.
Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics: Volume 8: Microstructure, Methods, Design, and Fatigue
by R. C. Bradt A. G. Evans D. P. Hasselman F. F. LangeThese volumes, 7 and 8, of Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics constitute the proceedings of an international symposium on the fracture mechanics of ceramic materials held at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia on June 19, 20 and 21, 1985. These proceedings constitute the fourth pair of volumes of a continuing series of conferences. The theme of this conference, as the previous three, focused on the mechanical behavior of ceramic materials in terms of the characteristics of cracks, particularly the roles which they assume in the fracture process. The 78 contributed papers by over 100 authors and co-authors represent the current state of the field. They address many of the theoretical and practical problems of interest to those concerned with brittle fracture. The program chairmen gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance for the Symposium provided by the EXXON Foundation, the Army Research Office, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research. Without their support, this conference simply would not have been possible. The suggestions of Drs. J. C. Hurt, R. C. Pohanka, and L. Toth were particularly helpful in assuring the" success of this symposium. Special appreciation is extended to Professor J. I. Robertson, C. P. Miles Professor of History, whose presentation following the banquet on the American Civil War was very well received by the audience. Finally, we wish to also thank our joint secretaries, especially Karen Snider, for their patience and help in finally bringing these proceedings to press.
Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics: Fracture Fundamentals, High-Temperature Deformation, Damage, and Design (Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics #10)
by R. C. Bradt D. P. H. Hasselman D. Munz M. Sakai V. Ya. ShevchenkoThese volumes, 9 and 10, of Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics constitute the proceedings of an international symposium on the fracture mechanics of ceramic materials held at the Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, Japan on July 15, 16, 17, 1991. These proceedings constitute the fifth pair of volumes of a continuing series of conferences. Volumes 1 and 2 were from the 1973 symposium, volumes 3 and 4 from a 1977 symposium, and volumes 5 and 6 from a 1981 symposium all of which were held at The Pennsylvania State University. Volumes 7 and 8 are from the 1985 symposium which was held at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The theme ofthis conference, as for the previous four, focused on the mechanical behavior ofceramic materials in terms of the characteristics ofcracks, particularly the roles which they assume in the fracture processes and mechanisms. The 82 contributed papers by over 150 authors and co-authors represent the current state of that field. They address many of the theoretical and practical problems ofinterest to those scientists and engineers concerned with brittle fracture.
Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics: Composites, R-Curve Behavior, and Fatigue (Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics #9)
by R. C. Bradt D. P. H. Hasselman D. Munz M. Sakai V. Ya. ShevchenkoThese volumes, 9 and 10, of Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics constitute the proceedings of an international symposium on the fracture mechanics of ceramic materials held at the Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, Japan on July 15, 16, 17, 1991. These proceedings constitute the fifth pair of volumes of a continuing series of conferences. Volumes 1 and 2 were from the 1973 symposium, volumes 3 and 4 from a 1977 symposium, and volumes 5 and 6 from a 1981 symposium all of which were held at The Pennsylvania State University. Volumes 7 and 8 are from the 1985 symposium which was held at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The theme ofthis conference, as for the previous four, focused on the mechanical behavior ofceramic materials in terms of the characteristics of cracks, particularly the roles which they assume in the fracture processes and mechanisms. The 82 contributed papers by over 150 authors and co-authors represent the current state of that field. They address many of the theoretical and practical problems ofinterest to those scientists and engineers concerned with brittle fracture.
Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics: Fatigue, Composites, and High-Temperature Behavior (Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics #12)
by R. C. Bradt D. P. H. Hasselman D. Munz M. Sakai V. Ya. ShevchenkoSecond part of the proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium held in Karlsruhe, Germany, July 18-20, 1995.