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A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution (PDF)

Why do humans, uniquely among animals, cooperate in large numbers to advance projects for the common good? Contrary to the conventional wisdom in biology and economics, this generous and civic-minded behavior is widespread and cannot be explained simply by far-sighted self-interest or a desire to help close genealogical kin. In A Cooperative Species, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis--pioneers in the new experimental and evolutionary science of human behavior--show that the central issue is not why selfish people act generously, but instead how genetic and cultural evolution has produced a species in which substantial numbers make sacrifices to uphold ethical norms and to help even total strangers. The authors describe how, for thousands of generations, cooperation with fellow group members has been essential to survival. Groups that created institutions to protect the civic-minded from exploitation by the selfish flourished and prevailed in conflicts with less cooperative groups. Key to this process was the evolution of social emotions such as shame and guilt, and our capacity to internalize social norms so that acting ethically became a personal goal rather than simply a prudent way to avoid punishment. Using experimental, archaeological, genetic, and ethnographic data to calibrate models of the coevolution of genes and culture as well as prehistoric warfare and other forms of group competition, A Cooperative Species provides a compelling and novel account of how humans came to be moral and cooperative.

Cooperative Multimodal Communication: Second International Conference, CMC'98, Tilburg, The Netherlands, January 28-30, 1998. Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #2155)

Cooperative Learning: The Social and Intellectual Outcomes of Learning in Groups

This book recognizes the importance of cooperative learning, in contrast to the traditional classroom, as an effective approach to learning. Its coverage of the subject ranges across the educational spectrum, from pre-school years to university, and offers a fresh perspective on a topic that has gained increasing interest worldwide.With contributions from an international panel of leading experts in the field, this engaging text succeeds in providing key insights, linking the theories that underpin the study of group dynamics to their practical application in the classroom. It presents a comprehensive overview of this alternative educative approach, illustrating how cooperative learning experiences can promote socialisation and friendships, and facilitate learning. The editors assemble a range of well-researched essays, covering such aspects as:* The importance of teacher and student interaction* Small group, virtual and non-virtual teaching environments* Assessment practices for measuring the outcomes of individual and group progress* The effect of cooperative learning on relationships amongst students with diverse cultural, social and learning needs.Illustrated with practical examples throughout, this book will be a crucial read for teacher educators, educational psychologists, student teachers, academics and researchers who want to realize the significant potential of cooperative learning in all educational settings.

Cooperative Learning: The Social and Intellectual Outcomes of Learning in Groups

This book recognizes the importance of cooperative learning, in contrast to the traditional classroom, as an effective approach to learning. Its coverage of the subject ranges across the educational spectrum, from pre-school years to university, and offers a fresh perspective on a topic that has gained increasing interest worldwide.With contributions from an international panel of leading experts in the field, this engaging text succeeds in providing key insights, linking the theories that underpin the study of group dynamics to their practical application in the classroom. It presents a comprehensive overview of this alternative educative approach, illustrating how cooperative learning experiences can promote socialisation and friendships, and facilitate learning. The editors assemble a range of well-researched essays, covering such aspects as:* The importance of teacher and student interaction* Small group, virtual and non-virtual teaching environments* Assessment practices for measuring the outcomes of individual and group progress* The effect of cooperative learning on relationships amongst students with diverse cultural, social and learning needs.Illustrated with practical examples throughout, this book will be a crucial read for teacher educators, educational psychologists, student teachers, academics and researchers who want to realize the significant potential of cooperative learning in all educational settings.

Cooperative Information Systems: 28th International Conference, CoopIS 2022, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, October 4–7, 2022, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #13591)

This volume LNCS 13591 constitutes the proceedings of the International Conference on Cooperative Information Systems, CoopIS 2022, collocated with the Enterprise Design, Operations and Computing conference, EDOC 2022, in October 2022 in Bozen-Bolzano, Italy. The 15 regular papers presented together with 5 research in progress papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 68 submissions. The conference focuses on technical, economical, and societal aspects of distributed information systems at scale. As said, this 28th edition was collocated with the 26th edition of the Enterprise Design, Operations and Computing conference, EDOC 2022, and its guiding theme was "Information Systems in a Digital World“.

Cooperative Information Systems: 29th International Conference, CoopIS 2023, Groningen, The Netherlands, October 30–November 3, 2023, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #14353)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Cooperative Information Systems, CoopIS 2023, held in Groningen, The Netherlands, during October 30–November 3, 2023. The 21 regular papers and 10 work-in-progress papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 100 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: Knowledge Engineering; Deployment and Migration in CISs; Security and Privacy in CISs; Process Modeling; Process Analytics; Human Aspects and Social Interaction in CISs; and Work in Progress.

The Cooperative Extension Service: A National Assessment

The Cooperative Extension Service, a publicly supported educational agency, is continually struggling to define its proper function and purpose in our changing society. Should its mission be broadly based or narrowly focused? Should staff members be generalists or specialists? Should its clients be primarily rural or urban, farm or nonfarm? What role should Extension play in the information networks of the twenty-first century? Professors Warner and Christenson take a broad look at these and other questions concerning where the Extension Service has been, how well it is doing, and where it ought to go. Theirs is, first, the only comprehensive national survey that looks at the total Extension organization rather than at just one program area. Second, it expresses the viewpoint of Extension clients and the public, rather than that of the organization's staff; and third, it combines outside survey information with data recorded in the Extension Management Information System (EMIS) and other routine agency reports. The authors evaluate, among other things, the extent of public awareness of the agency and its four major program areas (agriculture, home economics, 4-H, and community development), determine the users and nonusers of the programs and the accessibility of programs to the general population, identify the level of satisfaction with existing programs, and outline priorities and policy issues for the future.

The Cooperative Extension Service: A National Assessment

The Cooperative Extension Service, a publicly supported educational agency, is continually struggling to define its proper function and purpose in our changing society. Should its mission be broadly based or narrowly focused? Should staff members be generalists or specialists? Should its clients be primarily rural or urban, farm or nonfarm? What role should Extension play in the information networks of the twenty-first century? Professors Warner and Christenson take a broad look at these and other questions concerning where the Extension Service has been, how well it is doing, and where it ought to go. Theirs is, first, the only comprehensive national survey that looks at the total Extension organization rather than at just one program area. Second, it expresses the viewpoint of Extension clients and the public, rather than that of the organization's staff; and third, it combines outside survey information with data recorded in the Extension Management Information System (EMIS) and other routine agency reports. The authors evaluate, among other things, the extent of public awareness of the agency and its four major program areas (agriculture, home economics, 4-H, and community development), determine the users and nonusers of the programs and the accessibility of programs to the general population, identify the level of satisfaction with existing programs, and outline priorities and policy issues for the future.

The Cooperative Economy: A Solution to Societal Grand Challenges

Societal grand challenges have taken a toll on humanity, which finds itself at a crossroads. The concentration of wealth and economic inequality, the dominance of Big Tech firms, the loss of privacy and free choice, and the overconsumption and abuse of natural resources have been reinforced by globalization. Regulation, legislation, international treaties, and government and corporate policies have fallen short of offering sufficient remedies. This book identifies the root cause of these problems and offers a bold solution: a new economic system, free from the design flaws that have contributed to these societal grand challenges. The proposed cooperative economy is an ethical community-driven exchange system that relies on collective action to promote societal values while accounting for resource constraints. Unlike the modern economic system that is predominantly driven by opportunistic behavior, the cooperative economy moves away from a materialistic orientation and follows a more balanced perspective that leverages prosocial behavior. The book explains how this new system adopts design principles that promote self-sufficiency of communities, sustainability and entrepreneurship while limiting overconsumption and excessive profit-making. It enhances economic equality by leveraging price subsidization and by restricting salary differences. The book describes how the system serves the interests of consumers, vendors, and employees while preventing the accumulation of power by the platform owner who operates this system. This book is invaluable reading for policymakers who have been searching for solutions to some of the grand challenges that our society faces, and to managers who have sought alternative ways to cope with platform ecosystems, resource shortages, and supply chain disruptions. It revisits long-held assumptions, offering a treatise and food for thought, as well as a plan for concrete action. The book is also highly relevant to scholars and students in the study of economics, strategy, innovation, and public policy and to all readers who are concerned about the future of our planet and society.

The Cooperative Economy: A Solution to Societal Grand Challenges

Societal grand challenges have taken a toll on humanity, which finds itself at a crossroads. The concentration of wealth and economic inequality, the dominance of Big Tech firms, the loss of privacy and free choice, and the overconsumption and abuse of natural resources have been reinforced by globalization. Regulation, legislation, international treaties, and government and corporate policies have fallen short of offering sufficient remedies. This book identifies the root cause of these problems and offers a bold solution: a new economic system, free from the design flaws that have contributed to these societal grand challenges. The proposed cooperative economy is an ethical community-driven exchange system that relies on collective action to promote societal values while accounting for resource constraints. Unlike the modern economic system that is predominantly driven by opportunistic behavior, the cooperative economy moves away from a materialistic orientation and follows a more balanced perspective that leverages prosocial behavior. The book explains how this new system adopts design principles that promote self-sufficiency of communities, sustainability and entrepreneurship while limiting overconsumption and excessive profit-making. It enhances economic equality by leveraging price subsidization and by restricting salary differences. The book describes how the system serves the interests of consumers, vendors, and employees while preventing the accumulation of power by the platform owner who operates this system. This book is invaluable reading for policymakers who have been searching for solutions to some of the grand challenges that our society faces, and to managers who have sought alternative ways to cope with platform ecosystems, resource shortages, and supply chain disruptions. It revisits long-held assumptions, offering a treatise and food for thought, as well as a plan for concrete action. The book is also highly relevant to scholars and students in the study of economics, strategy, innovation, and public policy and to all readers who are concerned about the future of our planet and society.

Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering: 17th International Conference, CDVE 2020, Bangkok, Thailand, October 25–28, 2020, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #12341)

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering, CDVE 2020, held in Bangkok, Thailand, in October 2020.*The 33 full papers and 7 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 74 submissions. The achievement, progress and future challenges are reported in areas such as health care, industrial design, banking IT systems, cultural activities support, operational maritime cybersecurity assurance, emotion communication, and social network data analytics. * The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering: 18th International Conference, CDVE 2021, Virtual Event, October 24–27, 2021, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #12983)

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering, CDVE 2021, held in October 2021. Due to COVId-19 pandemic the conference was held virtually.The 25 full papers and 9 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 69 submissions. The achievement, progress and future challenges are reported in areas such as health care, industrial design, banking IT systems, cultural activities support, operational maritime cybersecurity assurance, emotion communication, and social network data analytics.

Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering: 10th International Conference, CDVE 2013, Alcudia, Spain, September 22-25, 2013, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #8091)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering, CDVE 2013, held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, in September 2013. The 34 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers cover all the topics of cooperative engineering, basic theories, methods and technologies that support CDVE, cooperative design, visualization and applications. There are special contributions dealing with the cooperative issues brought by the Internet of things - such as the situation in the ambient assisted living systems. Other papers in the volume cover a wide range of cooperative application topics such as cooperative e-learning, cooperative decision making and cooperative simulation etc.

Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering: 8th International Conference, CDVE 2011, Hong Kong, China, September 11-14, 2011, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #6874)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering, CDVE 2011, held in Hong Kong, China, in September 2011. The 33 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers address all aspects of distributed computing, and were organized in topical sections on cooperative design, cooperative applications, cooperative engineering, cooperative visualization, and basic theory and technology.

Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering: 9th International Conference, CDVE 2012, Osaka, Japan, September 2-5, 2012, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #7467)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering, CDVE 2012, held in Osaka, Japan, in September 2012. The 36 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers cover the topics of cooperative engineering, basic theories, methods and technologies that support CDVE, cooperative design, visualization and applications.

Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering: 20th International Conference on Cooperative Design, Visualization and Engineering, CDVE 2023, Mallorca, Spain, October 1–4, 2023, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #14166)

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering, CDVE 2023, held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, in October 2023. The 20 full papers and 6 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 62 submissions. The papers cover a wide application spectrum including architecture, engineering and construction (AEC), apace craft building, heavy industry, robotics, tourism, education, community building, medical supply industry, commerce.

Cooperative Computer-Aided Authoring and Learning: A Systems Approach

Cooperative Computer-Aided Authoring and Learning: A Systems Approach describes in detail a practical system for computer assisted authoring and learning. Drawing from the experiences gained during the Nestor project, jointly run between the Universities of Karlsruhe, Kaiserslautern and Freiburg and the Digital Equipment Corp. Center for Research and Advanced Development, the book presents a concrete example of new concepts in the domain of computer-aided authoring and learning. The conceptual foundation is laid by a reference architecture for an integrated environment for authoring and learning. This overall architecture represents the nucleus, shell and common denominator for the R&D activities carried out. From its conception, the reference architecture was centered around three major issues: Cooperation among and between authors and learners in an open, multimedia and distributed system as the most important attribute; Authoring/learning as the central topic; Laboratory as the term which evoked the most suitable association with the envisioned authoring/learning environment. Within this framework, the book covers four major topics which denote the most important technical domains, namely: The system kernel, based on object orientation and hypermedia; Distributed multimedia support; Cooperation support, and Reusable instructional design support. Cooperative Computer-Aided Authoring and Learning: A Systems Approach is a major contribution to the emerging field of collaborative computing and is essential reading for researchers and practitioners alike. Its pedagogic flavor also makes it suitable for use as a text for a course on the subject.

Cooperative Buildings. Integrating Information, Organizations, and Architecture: Second International Workshop, CoBuild'99, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, October 1-2, 1999, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #1670)

This volume constitutes the proceedings of the “Second International Workshop on Cooperative Buildings (CoBuild’99) – Integrating Information, Organizations, and Architecture” held at the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh on October 1–2, 1999. The success of the First International Workshop on Cooperative Buildings (CoBuild'98), held at GMD in Darmstadt in February 1998, showed that there is a demand for an appropriate forum to present research about the intersection of information technology, organizational innovation, and architecture. Thus, it was decided to organize a follow-up event. The decision of where to organize CoBuild’99 was straight forward. Since we had many high quality contributions from the United States (U. S. ) presented at CoBuild’98, we wanted to hold the second workshop in the U. S. reaching out to a large audience and at the same time turning it into an international series of events held in different places in the world. Due to the excellent work carried out at Carnegie Mellon University, it was an obvious choice to ask Volker Hartkopf from the Department of Architecture and Jane Siegel from the Human Computer Interaction Institute to be conference cochairs for CoBuild’99. The workshop is organized in cooperation with the German National Research Center for Information Technology (GMD), in particular the Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute (IPSI) in Darmstadt providing continuity between the events.

Cooperative Buildings: Integrating Information, Organization, and Architecture (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #1370)

This volume constitutes the proceedings of the First International Workshop on - operative Buildings (CoBuild’98) – Integrating Information, Organization, and Ar chitecture, held in Darmstadt, Germany, on February 25–26, 1998. The idea for this workshop and actually the term “cooperative building” was created during the activi ties of initiating the consortium “Workspaces of the Future” for conducting an inter disciplinary R&D program in cooperation with partners from industry. We discovered that there was no appropriate forum to present research at the intersection of informa tion technology, organizational innovation, and architecture. The theme “Integrating information, organization, and architecture” reflects the challenges resulting from current and future developments in these three areas. In the future, work and cooperation in organizations will be characterized by a degree of dynamics, flexibility, and mobility that will go far beyond many of today's develop ments and examples. The introduction of information and communication technology has already changed processes and contents of work significantly. However, the de sign of work environments, especially physical work spaces as offices and buildings, remained almost unchanged. It is time to reflect these developments in the design of equally dynamic, flexible, and mobile work environments. The papers of this volume show that this is an interdisciplinary endeavor requiring a wide range of perspectives and the utilization of results from various areas of research and practice.

Cooperative Agents: Applications in the Social Sciences (Theory and Decision Library A: #32)

Agent-based modelling on a computer appears to have a special role to play in the development of social science. It offers a means of discovering general and applicable social theory, and grounding it in precise assumptions and derivations, whilst addressing those elements of individual cognition that are central to human society. However, there are important questions to be asked and difficulties to overcome in achieving this potential. What differentiates agent-based modelling from traditional computer modelling? Which model types should be used under which circumstances? If it is appropriate to use a complex model, how can it be validated? Is social simulation research to adopt a realist epistemology, or can it operate within a social constructionist framework? What are the sociological concepts of norms and norm processing that could either be used for planned implementation or for identifying equivalents of social norms among co-operative agents? Can sustainability be achieved more easily in a hierarchical agent society than in a society of isolated agents? What examples are there of hybrid forms of interaction between humans and artificial agents? These are some of the sociological questions that are addressed.

Cooperation, Conflict and Consensus in the Organization of American States

This book examines conflict resolution efforts in Latin America by the Organization of American States (OAS) over the past fifty years by exploring the relationship of the United States with other member states within the context of the OAS. The book focuses on the impact of institutional factors on the influence that member states are able to wield within the organization. This innovative theoretical approach yields general insights into organizational behaviour and interstate relations within an international organization. The examination of thirty-one cases provides a wealth of empirical data and facilitates cross case comparisons.

Cooperation, Community, and Co-Ops in a Global Era (International and Cultural Psychology)

Globalization pressures have made cooperation on a global scale both necessary and possible. But cooperation is not easy in a world dominated by individual, cultural, and national selfish interests. The opposition to cooperation means that cooperation is not natural, but must be instituted through an intellectual and social struggle against countervailing forces. This book discusses issues that are necessary to describe the nature of cooperation and how it can be promoted as a social and ethical ideal amidst a sea of competing interests. Dr. Ratner uses the framework of cooperativism, that is the system of social institutions, social philosophy, cultural psychology and politics that promotes cooperation, as a starting point. Elements of cooperativism are derived from a rigorous analysis of various sources, including the needs of tendencies of human culture and human psychology.

Cooperation and Competition Among Primitive Peoples

In many respects, this volume is a pioneer effort in anthropological literature. It remains firmly part of the genre of cooperative research, or "interdisciplinary research," though at the time of its original publication that phrase had yet to be coined. Additionally, this work is more theoretical in nature than a faithful anthropological record, as all the essays were written in New York City, on a low budget, and without fieldwork. The significance of these studies lies in the fact that Cooperation and Competition Among Primitive Peoples was the first attempt to think about the very complex problems of cultural character and social structure, coupled with a meticulous execution of comparative study.

Cooperation and Competition Among Primitive Peoples

In many respects, this volume is a pioneer effort in anthropological literature. It remains firmly part of the genre of cooperative research, or "interdisciplinary research," though at the time of its original publication that phrase had yet to be coined. Additionally, this work is more theoretical in nature than a faithful anthropological record, as all the essays were written in New York City, on a low budget, and without fieldwork. The significance of these studies lies in the fact that Cooperation and Competition Among Primitive Peoples was the first attempt to think about the very complex problems of cultural character and social structure, coupled with a meticulous execution of comparative study.

Cooperation: An Experimental Analysis

Cooperation: An Experimental Analysis presents the results of an experimental analysis that sought to identify the factors that inhibit, maintain, or promote cooperation. Two of these factors are given particular attention: inequity and interpersonal risk between potential cooperators. Using a molar approach, the book applies some of the key methodological and theoretical insights of behavioral analysis to a group response that reflects the main conceptual characteristics of cooperation. The extent to which this behavioral response could be controlled by relevant environmental contingencies is also examined.Comprised of nine chapters, this book begins with an overview of the concept of cooperation and the measurement and experimental design used in the study. It then summarizes the results of the first experiments that focus on the link between inequity and cooperation, followed by a discussion on the effect of interpersonal risk on cooperation. Subsequent chapters focus on the role of protection and communication in promoting cooperation despite the presence of risk; the effects of the relationships between partners on the likelihood of cooperating under risk; and how a strategy of "pacifism" could facilitate cooperation. The final chapter summarizes the results of the experiments.This monograph will be of interest to social psychologists and sociologists.