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Die Data von Euklid: Nach Menges Text aus dem Griechischen ubersetzt und Herausgegeben
by NA Euclides Clemens ThaerEuklids Data beschäftigen sich im wesentlichen mit Gegenstän den, die auch in den ersten sechs Büchern der Elemente behandelt werden, sie stehen neben diesen etwa wie die moderne Formelsamm lung neben dem Lehrbuch. Um die Definition von Datum, griechisch Dedomenon, Gegebenes, bemüht sich schon die uns erhaltene Ein führung des MARINOS VON NEAPOLIS (um 500 n. Chr. ), die es gegen die Begriffe: Bestimmt (geordnet), Bekannt und Rational abgrenzt. Weiter kennzeichnet MARINOS den Zweck der Schrift als Hilfsmittel zur Analyse der Probleme und Auffindung der Beweise, sagt schließ lich noch einiges über die Disposition des Buches. Die Data gehören zu den Werken, die im Studienplan der alexan drinischen Universität nach Euklids Elementen, vor dem Airnagest des Ptolemaios behandelt wurden. So besitzen wir auch über dieses Buch einen Bericht des PAPPOS (um 320 n. Chr. ), aus dem wie aus anderen Anzeichen hervorgeht, daß die Form, in der die griechischen Handschriften die Data bieten, nicht die ursprüngliche ist; einiger maßen wissen wir darüber Bescheid, welche Veränderungen der Her ausgeber THEON voN ALEXANDRIA (um 370 n. Chr. ) mit dem Text vorgenommen hat; andere Einschiebungen läßt der Vergleich mit der um 900 entstandenen arabischen Übersetzung erkennen. Näheres hierüber findet man bei J. L. HEIBERG, Literatgeschichtliche Studien über Euklid, Leipzig 1882, bei MENGE in den Prolegomena seiner Ausgabe der Data und bei C. THAER, Euklids Data in arabischer Fassung, Hermes 77, Berlin 1942.
Die Springer Berlin Heidelbergdes Apriori: In der Transzendentalen Phänomenologie Edmund Husserls (Phaenomenologica #10)
by L. EleyDie Springer Berlin Heidelbergdes Apriori
The Diversity of Meaning (Routledge Revivals)
by L. Jonathan CohenFirst published in 1962, The Diversity of Meaning was written to provide a more constructive criticism of the philosophy of ordinary language than the more destructive approach that it was commonly subjected to at the time of publication. The book deals with a range of philosophical problems in a way that cuts underneath the more typical orthodoxies of the time. It is concerned primarily with the concept of meaning and asks not just how people ordinarily speak or think about meanings, but also what is gained or lost by their so doing. The author challenges the assumption that there is only one way of talking about meanings and instead argues that no single analysis of meaning can suit the semantics of lexicographers, language-teachers, translators, logicians, historians of ideas, psychologists and philosophers. By examining various common concepts of meaning and their relations to one another, the book sheds light on the issues most alive in philosophical controversy at the time of publication, giving it lasting relevance for those interested in the history of philosophical thought and theory.
The Diversity of Meaning (Routledge Revivals)
by L. Jonathan CohenFirst published in 1962, The Diversity of Meaning was written to provide a more constructive criticism of the philosophy of ordinary language than the more destructive approach that it was commonly subjected to at the time of publication. The book deals with a range of philosophical problems in a way that cuts underneath the more typical orthodoxies of the time. It is concerned primarily with the concept of meaning and asks not just how people ordinarily speak or think about meanings, but also what is gained or lost by their so doing. The author challenges the assumption that there is only one way of talking about meanings and instead argues that no single analysis of meaning can suit the semantics of lexicographers, language-teachers, translators, logicians, historians of ideas, psychologists and philosophers. By examining various common concepts of meaning and their relations to one another, the book sheds light on the issues most alive in philosophical controversy at the time of publication, giving it lasting relevance for those interested in the history of philosophical thought and theory.
Fly and the Fly-Bottle: Encounters With Contemporary British Intellectuals
by Ved MehtaFly and the Fly Bottle is perhaps Ved Mehta's masterpiece: a collection of his brilliantly revealing conversations with some of the twentieth century's most important philosophers. Engaging with such heavyweights as Isaiah Berlin, Gilbert Ryle, and Elizabeth Anscombe, Mehta is not only able to shed light on the personalities involved in shaping modern philosophy, as well as on the particularities of that philosophic thought, but also to minutely examine the surrounding atmosphere of mid-century British life.
Formal Methods: An Introduction to Symbolic Logic and to the Study of Effective Operations in Arithmetic and Logic (Synthese Library #4)
by Evert W. BethMany philosophers have considered logical reasoning as an inborn ability of mankind and as a distinctive feature in the human mind; but we all know that the distribution of this capacity, or at any rate its development, is very unequal. Few people are able to set up a cogent argument; others are at least able to follow a logical argument and even to detect logical fallacies. Nevertheless, even among educated persons there are many who do not even attain this relatively modest level of development. According to my personal observations, lack of logical ability may be due to various circumstances. In the first place, I mention lack of general intelligence, insufficient power of concentration, and absence of formal education. Secondly, however, I have noticed that many people are unable, or sometimes rather unwilling, to argue ex hypothesi; such persons cannot, or will not, start from premisses which they know or believe to be false or even from premisses whose truth is not, in their opinion, sufficient ly warranted. Or, if they agree to start from such premisses, they sooner or later stray away from the argument into attempts first to settle the truth or falsehood of the premisses. Presumably this attitude results either from lack of imagination or from undue moral rectitude. On the other hand, proficiency in logical reasoning is not in itself a guarantee for a clear theoretic insight into the principles and foundations of logic.
Foundations of empiricism
by James K. FeiblemanFor some centuries now the western world has endeavored to choose between rationalism and empiricism; or, when a choice was found impossible, somehow to reconcile them. But the particular brands of both which were taken for granted in confronting the problem were sUbjective: individual human reasoning stood for rationalism and private sense experience for empiricism. Since Plato it has been known that reasoning and feeling are often in conflict. No wonder that a standard for deciding between them or for harmonizing the two was found difficult to come by. Fortunately, due to the revival of realism, a way out presented itself, and we could now consider rationalism and empiricism on some kind of objective basis. In other words, rationalism is a theory about something outside us, and reasoning involves the utilization of a logic which in no wise depends upon our knowledge of it. Similarly; sense experience reveals the existence of data which can be reached through the senses but which in no way relies upon experience for its existence. Thus both reasoning and sensing bring us fragmentary news about an external world which contains not only logic and value but also the prospects for their reconciliation. The implicit philosophy of nominalism is self-liquidating. Where is the proposition which asserts or takes for granted the sole reality of actual physical particulars to get its reality? The meaning of it as a proposition has no place among the particulars.
Freedom and History (Routledge Revivals)
by H. D. LewisFirst published in 1962, Freedom and History expresses a deep concern about freedom and the way it is imperilled by misunderstandings. The cause of freedom has not always been well served by its friends; by presenting one -sided ideas of freedom they have often paved the way for extreme forms of collectivism and despotism. Professor Lewis examines works of T.H. Green and compares Green with Locke and Rousseau, to show how much the attitude of Green and other idealists to questions of education, the family, punishment, slavery, and war was affected by the individualism that underlay their thought and the failure to pay due heed to the facts of moral perplexity. This in turn is seen to owe much to the optimism of late nineteenth century thinkers and the belief in inevitable progress. The volume also discusses the nature of history, objectivity in history, religion and history, and law and morality. Author subjects the works of writers like Reinhold Niebuhr, Barbara Wootton, Ian Ramsey, Leonard Hodgson to close critical examination and presents his own ideas about the relation of theology to historical fact. This book will be an essential read for scholars and researchers of political philosophy, religion, theology, ethics, moral philosophy, and philosophy in general.
Freedom and History (Routledge Revivals)
by H. D. LewisFirst published in 1962, Freedom and History expresses a deep concern about freedom and the way it is imperilled by misunderstandings. The cause of freedom has not always been well served by its friends; by presenting one -sided ideas of freedom they have often paved the way for extreme forms of collectivism and despotism. Professor Lewis examines works of T.H. Green and compares Green with Locke and Rousseau, to show how much the attitude of Green and other idealists to questions of education, the family, punishment, slavery, and war was affected by the individualism that underlay their thought and the failure to pay due heed to the facts of moral perplexity. This in turn is seen to owe much to the optimism of late nineteenth century thinkers and the belief in inevitable progress. The volume also discusses the nature of history, objectivity in history, religion and history, and law and morality. Author subjects the works of writers like Reinhold Niebuhr, Barbara Wootton, Ian Ramsey, Leonard Hodgson to close critical examination and presents his own ideas about the relation of theology to historical fact. This book will be an essential read for scholars and researchers of political philosophy, religion, theology, ethics, moral philosophy, and philosophy in general.
Kant's Theory of Knowledge: An Outline of One Central Argument in the 'Critique of Pure Reason' (Routledge Library Editions: Kant)
by Graham BirdFirst published in 1962. Kant’s philosophical works, and especially the Critique of Pure Reason, have had some influence on recent British philosophy. But the complexities of Kant’s arguments, and the unfamiliarity of his vocabulary, inhibit understanding of his point of view. In Kant’s Theory of Knowledge an attempt is made to relate Kant’s arguments in the Critique of Pure Reason to contemporary issues by expressing them in a more modern idiom. The selection of issues discussed is intended to present a continuous argument, of an epistemological kind, which runs centrally through the Critique. The argument deals with essentially with the problems, raised in the Transcendental Analytic, about the status of categories. It deals with certain preliminary assumptions made in setting these problems, and discusses the way in which the various sections of the Analytic contribute to their solution. It also deals with Kant’s criticisms of traditional metaphysics, and ends with an account of his effort in the Third Antinomy to resolve the conflict between freedom and causality, and so to effect a transition of knowledge to moral philosophy.
Kant's Theory of Knowledge: An Outline of One Central Argument in the 'Critique of Pure Reason' (Routledge Library Editions: Kant)
by Graham BirdFirst published in 1962. Kant’s philosophical works, and especially the Critique of Pure Reason, have had some influence on recent British philosophy. But the complexities of Kant’s arguments, and the unfamiliarity of his vocabulary, inhibit understanding of his point of view. In Kant’s Theory of Knowledge an attempt is made to relate Kant’s arguments in the Critique of Pure Reason to contemporary issues by expressing them in a more modern idiom. The selection of issues discussed is intended to present a continuous argument, of an epistemological kind, which runs centrally through the Critique. The argument deals with essentially with the problems, raised in the Transcendental Analytic, about the status of categories. It deals with certain preliminary assumptions made in setting these problems, and discusses the way in which the various sections of the Analytic contribute to their solution. It also deals with Kant’s criticisms of traditional metaphysics, and ends with an account of his effort in the Third Antinomy to resolve the conflict between freedom and causality, and so to effect a transition of knowledge to moral philosophy.
Literature, Philosophy, and the Social Sciences: Essays in Existentialism and Phenomenology
by Maurice NatansonA collection of one man's essays in book form tends to be viewed today with some suspicion, if not hostility, by philosophical critics. It would seem that the author is guilty of an academic sin of pride: causing or helping to cause separately conceived articles to surpass their original station and assume a new life, a grander articulation. It can hardly be denied that the essays which follow must face this sullen charge, for they were composed at different times for different sorts of audiences and, for the most part, have already been published. Their appearance in a new form will not allay commonplace criticisms: there are repetitions, certain key terms are defined and defined again in various places, a few quotations reappear, and, beyond this, the essays are unequal in range, depth, and fundamental intent. But it is what brings these essays together that constitutes, I trust, their collective merit. Underlying the special arguments that are to be found in each of the chapters is a particular sense of reality, not a thesis or a theory but rather a way of seeing the world and of appreciating its texture and design. It is that sense of reality that I should like to speak of here. Philosophy stands in a paradoxical relationship to mundane ex istence: it is at once its critique and one of its possibilities.
My Land and My People: The Original Autobiography of His Holiness the Dalai Lama of Tibet
by Dalai LamaSchooled behind ancient palace walls to become the leader of Tibet, the Dalai Lama has become a spiritual leader to the world and a leading civil rights advocate. My Land and My People tells the story of his life.In the Himalayan City of Lhasa, the four-year-old son of a humble farmer sat on a huge, gilded throne. His childhood would be unimaginable in both its isolation and a people's adoration. His destiny would be one of immense tragedy and the awesome transformation of a man.Written by the Dalai Lama as a young man in exile, this dignified testament re-creates the miraculous search that identified him as the reincarnated leader of his country. It paints a rare intimate portrait of Tibetan Buddhism-a way of life that would end with a terrifying foreign invasion surpassing sanity and reason. And it reveals the evolution of a man from a gentle monk to a world leader-one struggling to this day to free his country... one able to touch our hearts with the goodness that makes him on of the most beloved men of our time.He was once a small boy was chosen to rule the most mysterious land on Earth. Now the Dalai Lama tells his, and his country's, poignant story.
The Origins of Science: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Western Thought (Routledge Revivals)
by Ernest H. HuttenFirst published in 1962 The Origins of Science tries to explain scientific thought from its historical and psychological origins. The depth of psychology of today rather than traditional epistemology is needed in order to understand the problems of knowledge. Reality is the first problem of the scientist; it is exemplified by the idea of object, or of matter. The development of this idea from its Greek beginnings is traced and the unconscious mechanisms that underlie our thought processes -of abstraction, generalisation, etc.- are made manifest. The second problem is that of truth; it is illustrated by examples from the history of mathematics and of logic. Again, the ‘psychology’ of what we accept as truth is made explicit. Scientific method is the intellectual safeguard for the criteria of truth and reality. Instead of traditional induction, the creative view of scientific activity must be accepted. This book is a must read for scholars and researchers of philosophy of science and philosophy in general.
The Origins of Science: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Western Thought (Routledge Revivals)
by Ernest H. HuttenFirst published in 1962 The Origins of Science tries to explain scientific thought from its historical and psychological origins. The depth of psychology of today rather than traditional epistemology is needed in order to understand the problems of knowledge. Reality is the first problem of the scientist; it is exemplified by the idea of object, or of matter. The development of this idea from its Greek beginnings is traced and the unconscious mechanisms that underlie our thought processes -of abstraction, generalisation, etc.- are made manifest. The second problem is that of truth; it is illustrated by examples from the history of mathematics and of logic. Again, the ‘psychology’ of what we accept as truth is made explicit. Scientific method is the intellectual safeguard for the criteria of truth and reality. Instead of traditional induction, the creative view of scientific activity must be accepted. This book is a must read for scholars and researchers of philosophy of science and philosophy in general.
Positives Antichristentum: Nietzsches Christusbild im Brennpunkt Nachchristlicher Anthropologie
by Hermann Wein
Principles of Human Knowledge and Three Dialogues: Three Dialogues Between Hylas And Philonous (Penguin Modern Classics)
by George Berkeley Roger WoolhouseOne of the greatest British philosophers, Bishop Berkeley (1685-1753) was the founder of the influential doctrine of Immaterialism - the belief that there is no reality outside the mind, and that the existence of material objects depends upon their being perceived. The Principles of Human Knowledge eloquently outlines this philosophical concept, and argues forcefully that the world consists purely of finite minds and ideas, and of an infinite spirit, God. A denial of all non-spiritual reality, Berkeley's theory was at first heavily criticized by his contemporaries, who feared its ideas would lead to scepticism and atheism. The Three Dialogues provide a powerful response to these fears.