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The Sage Handbook of Nursing Education
In the past several years, a revival of research devoted to nursing education has emerged. This emergence has changed the way many educators engage in their practice of working with learners; and learners have come to expect that they will have a rich learning experience designed to develop new (or enhance prior) knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The SAGE Handbook of Nursing Education provides a detailed map of the current discipline, with a carefully selected team of international contributors offering the latest thinking about education in nursing across key areas. This handbook will be a key resource for academic educators, as well as graduate and postgraduate learners.
The Sage Handbook of Online Higher Education
The SAGE Handbook of Online Higher Education presents a cutting-edge collection of 50 essays that explores the rapidly evolving landscape of online teaching and learning in higher education. Assembled and contributed by a team of leading experts, the Handbook adopts a uniquely holistic approach to examining the needs of online education. Chapters bring together voices from diverse and international backgrounds to provide insights applicable to a broad range of contexts, and present practical strategies for planning, delivering quality online higher education. The handbook covers a wide range of topics, including online pedagogy, instructional design, student engagement, technological innovation, assessment, leadership, and the developing role of online education in the context of broader societal and cultural shifts. The SAGE Handbook of Online Higher Education is an essential resource for educators, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners who seek to understand and shape the future of higher education in the digital age. Section 1: Fundamentals of Online Education Section 2: Online Education Around the World Section 3: Online Instructional Design Section 4: Online Instructional Delivery Section 5: Instructional Technology for Online Education Section 6: Online Education Administration and Management Section 7: Student Support Services
The Sage Handbook of Sociology of Education
The Sage Handbook of Sociology of Education is an international and comprehensive groundbreaking text that serves as a touchstone for researchers and scholars interested in exploring the intricate relationships between education and society. Leading sociologists from five different continents examine major topics in sociology from a global perspective. This timely, thought-provoking Handbook features contributions from leading and emerging sociology scholars, who provide their own cultural and historical perspectives on diverse—yet universal—topics; these include educational policy, social stratification, and cross-national research. 39 Chapters delve into the pressing issues faced by our global society, such as the effects of residential mobility on educational outcomes, gender and ethnic inequalities, and the impact of COVID-19 on early childhood education. Readers will gain a multifaceted view of the contours of educational inequality, from various international perspectives and focusing on country differences, as well as recommendations for expanding the practices, programs, and policies that could reduce the rising tide of inequities—especially for populations most at risk. This Handbook offers rich, diverse perspectives on the interplay between education, social inequality, and human rights around the world, making it an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and practitioners across a range of fields, including sociology, education, and social policy. PART 1: Education and Persistent Inequality PART 2: Social & Family Contexts PART 3: Schools & Educational Policy PART 4: Neighborhoods & Community PART 5: Education & Innovation in a Global Context
The SAGE Handbook of Visual Research Methods
The second, thoroughly revised and expanded, edition of The SAGE Handbook of Visual Research Methods presents a wide-ranging exploration and overview of the field today. As in its first edition, the Handbook does not aim to present a consistent view or voice, but rather to exemplify diversity and contradictions in perspectives and techniques. The selection of chapters from the first edition have been fully updated to reflect current developments. New chapters to the second edition cover key topics including picture-sorting techniques, creative methods using artefacts, visual framing analysis, therapeutic uses of images, and various emerging digital technologies and online practices. At the core of all contributions are theoretical and methodological debates about the meanings and study of the visual, presented in vibrant accounts of research design, analytical techniques, fieldwork encounters and data presentation. This handbook presents a unique survey of the discipline that will be essential reading for scholars and students across the social and behavioural sciences, arts and humanities, and far beyond these disciplinary boundaries. The Handbook is organized into seven main sections: PART 1: FRAMING THE FIELD OF VISUAL RESEARCH PART 2: VISUAL AND SPATIAL DATA PRODUCTION METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES PART 3: PARTICIPATORY AND SUBJECT-CENTERED APPROACHES PART 4: ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORKS AND PERSPECTIVES PART 5: MULTIMODAL AND MULTISENSORIAL RESEARCH PART 6: RESEARCHING ONLINE PRACTICES PART 7: COMMUNICATING THE VISUAL: FORMATS AND CONCERNS
Sampling Media
This book puts sampling studies on the academic map by focusing on sampling as a logic of exchange between audio-visual media. While some recent scholarship has addressed sampling primarily in relation to copyright, this book is a first: a critical study of sampling and remixing across audio-visual media. Of special interest here are works that bring together both audio and visual sampling: music that samples film and television; underground dance and multimedia scenes that rely on sampling; Internet "memes" that repurpose music videos, trailers and news broadcasts; films and videos that incorporate a wide range of sampling aesthetics; and other provocative variations. Comprised of four sections titled "roots," "scenes," "cinema" and "web" this collection digs deep into and across sampling practices that intervene in popular culture from unconventional or subversive perspectives. To this end, Sampling Media extends the conceptual boundaries of sampling by emphasizing its inter-medial dimensions, exploring the politics of sampling practice beyond copyright law, and examining its more marginal applications. It likewise puts into conversation compelling instances of sampling from a wide variety of historical and contemporary, global and local contexts.
Samuel, Kings, Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah: Volume 2 (Texts @ Contexts)
This volume brings together disparate views about biblical texts in the books of Samuel, Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah and examines their influence in the life of contemporary communities, demonstrating how today's environments and disorders help readers to acquire new insights into such texts.The contributing scholars hail from different continents - from East Asia to the United States to Europe to South Africa and Israel - and count themselves as members of various Jewish and Christian traditions or secularist ways of life. But, in spite of their differences in location and community membership, and perhaps in the spirit of the times (2020 and its global discontents), they share preoccupations with questions of ethics in politics and life, 'proper' death, violence and social exclusion or inclusion. This volume offers readers a better understanding of how politics and faith can be melded, both in ancient and contemporary contexts, to serve the interests of certain classes and societies, often at the expense of others.
The Scholar as Human: Research and Teaching for Public Impact (Publicly Engaged Scholars: Identities, Purposes, Practices)
The Scholar as Human brings together faculty from a wide range of disciplines—history; art; Africana, American, and Latinx studies; literature, law, performance and media arts, development sociology, anthropology, and Science and Technology Studies—to focus on how scholarship is informed, enlivened, deepened, and made more meaningful by each scholar's sense of identity, purpose, and place in the world. Designed to help model new paths for publicly-engaged humanities, the contributions to this groundbreaking volume are guided by one overarching question: How can scholars practice a more human scholarship?Recognizing that colleges and universities must be more responsive to the needs of both their students and surrounding communities, the essays in The Scholar as Human carve out new space for public scholars and practitioners whose rigor and passion are equally important forces in their work. Challenging the approach to research and teaching of earlier generations that valorized disinterestedness, each contributor here demonstrates how they have energized their own scholarship and its reception among their students and in the wider world through a deeper engagement with their own life stories and humanity.Contributors: Anna Sims Bartel, Debra A. Castillo, Ella Diaz, Carolina Osorio Gil, Christine Henseler, Caitlin Kane, Shawn McDaniel, A. T. Miller, Scott J. Peters, Bobby J. Smith II, José Ragas, Riché Richardson, Gerald Torres, Matthew Velasco, Sara WarnerThanks to generous funding from Cornell University, the ebook editions of this book are available as Open Access volumes from Cornell Open (cornellopen.org) and other repositories.
Scholarly Inquiry in Academic Advising
Co-published with NACADAA large and growing number of academic advisors are interested in researching and publishing scholarly inquiry in academic advising. Since the first edition of this book was published, the scope of relevant inquiry has widened and deepened, and public attention and accountability is at an all-time high. This second edition of Scholarly Inquiry in Academic Advising provides scholar-practitioners with methodological perspectives from each of the major ways of knowing: the social sciences, including qualitative, quantitative, and now mixed methods approaches; the arts; the humanities; and the natural sciences. This book is a vade mecum for researchers in academic advising to formulate research questions, structure research, point to useful theoretical and methodological approaches, guide analysis, and help find publication outlets. Authors from a multitude of backgrounds seek to raise the level of discourse about academic advising, to illustrate its history, to reflect on how research can foster new perspectives, and to connect with and foster social justice, internationality, and inclusivity. This volume will assist those who seek to push back the frontiers of knowledge in the field, because it serves as a handbook for advising scholars, whatever their epistemological, theoretical, axiological, and methodological predilections. As for practitioners, this book “raises the bar” and conveys to even non-researching practitioners that scholarly inquiry in academic advising is a desirable avenue to professional development that must inform their practice.
Scholars Reading Romans 1 with Daniel Patte: Critique, Dialogue, and Pedagogy
A creative collection of essays that introduces, critiques, and dialogues with Daniel Patte's ground-breaking work Romans: Three Exegetical Interpretations and the History of Reception: Volume 1: Romans 1:1-32 (T&T Clark, 2018). Nine scholars from different cultural and methodological perspectives engage with Patte's work, critique his methodology and ethic of interpretation, and develop alternative readings. The first part introduces the format of Patte's book and the three historical interpretations: forensic, covenantal, and realized-apocalyptic. Part two debates methodology and ethical responsibility. The third part focuses on Romans 1:16-18 and 1:26-27 and includes a Confucian Chinese reading and a call for joint biblical and social-science research on the role of Romans in current public policy debates. The final part includes a chapter on pedagogy regarding how Patte's book can be used in the classroom. The final chapter is a powerful description by Patte himself of the various life experiences that shaped his reading of Romans. This book is a critical and communal conversation with Patte on the history of reception of Romans 1 and an example of the necessity of conversations among diverse interpreters that, as Patte says, “reflect the diversity of the modes of our human experience”.
Scholarship and Controversy: Centenary Essays on the Life and Work of Sir Kenneth Dover
The essays collected in this volume were written to mark the centenary of the birth of Sir Kenneth Dover, one of the twentieth century's most influential classical scholars. Between them, they explore the two major sides of his career: his groundbreaking scholarship on Greek language, literature and history, and the more public-facing roles he assumed in universities and at the British Academy which brought him into the national spotlight, not without some notoriety, in his later years. The contributors consider the various facets of Dover's life and work from a range of perspectives which reflect the burgeoning field of the history of scholarship. Some contributors were students and colleagues of Dover's at different stages of his career, while others are themselves leading experts in areas of Classics to which he devoted his energies. Chapters on his academic publications and on the controversies he faced in the public realm are not bland celebrations of his legacy but offer critical assessments of his motivations and achievements, cumulatively demonstrating that there is much to be learned not just about Dover himself but also about the fields he helped to shape.
The School Counselor’s Guide to Multi-Tiered Systems of Support
The revision of this innovative book provides school counseling students, practitioners, leaders, supervisors, and faculty with information and resources regarding the alignment and implementation of school counseling, specifically comprehensive school counseling programs. Complementing and expanding upon the audience’s knowledge and implementation of CSCPs such as the ASCA 2019 National Model, chapters include a strong theoretical and research base as well as related practical examples from the field—including case studies of practicing school counselors, and relevant, hands-on resources and tools to assist school counselors facilitate MTSS. New topics such as culturally sustaining and antiracist practice are woven into the chapters, in addition to covering the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health crises, and capturing timely and current practices in K-12 education and school counseling. Innovative, unique, and including a plethora of useful tools and resources, this guide to MTSS and school counseling is ideal for graduate students and current school counselors in the field.
School Leadership and Education System Reform
How can school leaders shape organisations that offer consistently high quality, rounded and equitable education in the context of rapid change? How can wider education systems support and encourage all schools to succeed in this way? What are the challenges and opportunities involved? What can we learn from existing evidence and research? School Leadership and Education System Reform considers the ways in which school leadership and its practice has changed and developed in response to a rapidly changing educational context over the last decade. This new edition is substantially revised and updated, with ten completely new chapters. It includes contributions from a range of leading thinkers and researchers in the field of educational leadership and management. Theoretically and conceptually informed, the contributors draw on recent empirical research studies into leadership, learning and system reform in England and more widely to explore the key issues for contemporary school leadership and management in high-autonomy-high-accountability systems. New chapters look at: · System governance and lateral accountability in 'self-improving' school systems · Leading curriculum development and accelerating progress for disadvantaged children in schools · Effective deployment of teaching assistants/leadership for inclusion · School collaboration, partnerships and 'system leadership' · Securing improvement at scale, across multiple schools and across localities · New conceptions of leadership, including ethical and invitational leadership School Leadership and Education System Reform provides accessible but research and theory-informed chapters, each of which includes summaries and suggestions for further reading.
Schooling, Society and Curriculum (Foundations and Futures of Education)
Schooling, Society and Curriculum offers a much needed reassessment and realignment of curriculum studies in the UK and international contexts. Comprising a collection of eleven original chapters by prominent, nationally and internationally known experts in the field of curriculum studies, the book leads and fosters critical, generic debates about formal education and its relationships to wider society. Focusing on key debates that have been present for as long as formal state education has been in existence, the contributors contextualise them within a future-orientated perspective that takes particular account of issues specific to life in the early years of the twenty-first century. These include globalisation and nationalism; poverty and wealth; what it means to be a good citizen; cultural pluralism and intolerance; and - centrally - what it is that young people need from a school curriculum in order to develop as happy, socially just adults in an uncertain and rapidly-changing world. The book is organized into four sections: issues and contexts values and learners school curricula in the digital age exploring the possible: globalisation, localisation and utopias.
Schoolwide Enrichment Model Reading Framework
Based on research conducted by The National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented, this guidebook presents a framework for increasing reading achievement, fluency, and enjoyment. The Schoolwide Enrichment Model Reading Framework (SEM-R) focuses on enrichment for all students through engagement in challenging, self-selected reading, accompanied by instruction in higher order thinking and strategy skills. A second core focus of the SEM-R is differentiating instruction and reading content, coupled with more challenging reading experiences and advanced opportunities for metacognition and self-regulated reading. Chapters cover each of the three phases of the framework, implementation variations, and organization strategies, and the appendices provide handouts, booklists, charts, and more.
Science Teaching in Secondary Schools
This book is your essential guide to secondary science teacher training and the early career years giving smart, practical advice on developing your classroom skills and deepening your knowledge of science education. Covering all major aspects of science teaching, including: planning and assessment, the power of subject knowledge, teaching tricky topics and health and safety in class and lab work, it will encourage you to develop an informed approach to allow you to shine as an early career teacher of science. Key features: · Real life examples of how important teaching principles work in practice · What to look for when observing others teaching · Reflective questions challenging you to engage with key ideas · Chapters linked to the Core Content Framework and Early Career Framework Leigh Hoath is a Senior Professional Practice Fellow at Leeds Trinity University. Matthew Livesey is a teacher of biology at Bradford Grammar School.
Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics: Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (Towards an Ethical Praxis in Early Childhood)
This book provides a fresh perspective on recent debates around integrating STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) education in early childhood. The book offers inspiration and practical advice for educators and researchers. It suggests concrete ways to engage young children in STEAM learning activities and promote their development. With contributions from international experts, the book discusses how to develop age-appropriate STEAM learning activities for young children. Divided into four parts, the book covers a wide range of topics, including the perceptions and practices of STEAM education among early childhood teachers in different countries, the use of new pedagogies and technologies to promote equitable and accessible STEAM education, the role of teacher education and policy in reducing inequality in STEAM education, and how early STEAM education can promote social change and achieve sustainable development goals. The book highlights the importance of STEAM education in providing young children with the necessary skills to create a more sustainable and equitable world. Overall, this book provides an important contribution to help critique and improve how early childhood educators view and practice STEAM education across cultures. It proposes ideas for achieving sustainable development goals through high-quality early STEAM education. The book appeals to early childhood educators and researchers, as it draws on cross-cultural viewpoints to critically examine how teachers understand and implement STEAM education across different cultures along with exploring how cultural values and goals shape early STEAM education.
Scientific Realism in Studies of Reading
This book provides research-based insights that deepen and broaden current understandings of the nature of reading. Informed by psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic views of reading-as-meaning-construction, the studies build on principles of scientific realism – an approach to inquiry that incorporates and values a wide variety of methods of observation to find the most inclusive, ecologically valid description of the reading process as it is observed in a variety of contexts from a wide range of perspectives. Focusing on how facts are discovered, developed, and used in the construction of knowledge about reading – a data-driven and theory-driven construction that results from observing the reading process with a variety of tools, methods, disciplines, and conceptual frameworks – scientific realism goes beyond rationalism and experimentation to include studies of events and experiences, but still satisfies even the most narrow definitions of what state and national lawmakers refer to as "reliable and replicable research on reading." Each study in this volume breaks ground for a new line of reading research underpinned by the theory of reading based in scientific realism. Scientific Realism in Studies of Reading is directed to reading researchers, teacher educators, reading specialists, special educators, graduate students, and related education professionals in the disciplines of applied psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics, and is appropriate as a text for advanced courses in these areas.
The Screen Education Reader: Cinema, Television, Culture
Screen Education was one of the foremost journals working in the area of media and cultural theory during the 1970s. Along with its sister journal, Screen, it introduced important work in the newly-emergent fields of film and television theory, representation and the image, and in discourses around women and minorities. In particular, it paid close attention to the educational rationale for such work, in a series of major articles on pedagogy and the institutions of education in Britain. This selection of the very best of Screen Education includes work by Umberto Eco, Stuart Hall, Graham Murdock, Valerie Walkerdine, Elizabeth Cowie, Pam Cook.
Scribes and Their Remains (The Library of Second Temple Studies)
Scribes and Their Remains begins with an introductory essay by Stanley Porter which addresses the principal theme of the book: the text as artifact. The rest of the volume is then split into two major sections. In the first, five studies appear on the theme of 'Scribes, Letters, and Literacy.' In the first of these Craig A. Evans offers a lengthy piece that argues that the archaeological, artifactual, and historical evidence suggests that New Testament autographs and first copies may well have remained in circulation for one century or more, having the effect of stabilizing the text. Other pieces in the section address literacy, orality and paleography of early Christian papyri. In the second section there are five pieces on 'Writing, Reading, and Abbreviating Christian Scripture.' These range across numerous topics, including an examination of the stauros (cross) as a nomen sacrum. The volume concludes with reflections by co-editor Peter Arzt-Grabner incorporating his longstanding expertise in the study of documentary papyri, especially as these ancient documents relate to New Testament research. From the perspective of a papyrologist, Arzt-Grabner discusses how New Testament scholars use documentary papyri today and recommends some future directions.
Searching Alternatives: Case Studies in Management & Entrepreneurship
In the growth of societies, business and entrepreneurship are regarded as two significant and determinative concerns. Both notions, in reality, must be intertwined since they are the instruments for strengthening the stake on innovation, creativity, employment, and economic growth. As a result, management and entrepreneurship education must be promoted, and real-life managerial entrepreneurial stories can serve as role models for young students in India. The case study methodology is a significant pedagogy tool in the management education. The book is an attempt to disseminate the innovative and practice-based teaching material on management and entrepreneurship for higher education, with a focus on real-life contexts and practical learning. The case studies in the book include a rich variety of managerial and entrepreneurial challenges that have to be understood and solved in the real world, giving the student a dynamic experience on how to solve real world managerial and entrepreneurial challenges.
The Second Handbook of Research on the Psychology of Mathematics Education: The Journey Continues
Since its establishment in 1976, PME (The International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education) is serving as a much sought after venue for scientific debate among those at the cutting edge of the field, as well as an engine for the development of research in mathematics education. A wide range of research activities conducted over the last ten years by PME members and their colleagues are documented and critically reviewed in this handbook, released to celebrate the Group’s 40 year anniversary milestone.The book is divided into four main sections: Cognitive aspects of learning and teaching content areas; Cognitive aspects of learning and teaching transverse areas; Social aspects of learning and teaching mathematics; and Professional aspects of teaching mathematics. The selection for each chapter of a team of at least two authors, mostly located in different parts of the world, ensured effective coverage of each field. High quality was further enhanced by the scrupulous review of early chapter drafts by two leaders in the relevant field. The resulting volume with its compilation of the most relevant aspects of research in the field, and its emphasis on trends and future developments, will be a rich and welcome resource for both mature and emerging researchers in mathematics education.
Secondary Behaviour Management: The Essentials
This concise book supplements the Routledge School Based Teacher Training Hub which you can find at www.routledgeteachertraining.comThe Hub has been developed in conjunction with teacher training experts and offers busy trainees and their mentors focussed, accessible, evidence-informed guidance that will help develop skills and confidence for successful classroom practice.The chapters in this collection on the Hub explore one of the most challenging aspects of learning to teach in the secondary school: Managing behaviour. The Hub provides:-Online access to ten chapters, carefully selected from across the breadth of Routledge's publishing, written by experts in the field, to cover core skills and knowledge for effective behaviour management.-An introduction to each chapter, designed to show how the evidence applies to your setting and practice, and how you can build on the advice to develop and improve teaching.-A self-audit test, to help you pinpoint gaps and understand where you will most benefit from skills and confidence development. -Observation sheets, offering a framework that will help you focus and reflect when you’re observing colleagues.-Short mentor meeting guides to structure initial and ongoing meetings with your mentor, to help you get the most out of these important relationships.
Selbstoptimierung und Ambivalenz: Gesellschaftliche Appelle und ambivalente Rezeptionen (Lernweltforschung #31)
Der Band stellt theoretische Perspektiven auf das Thema Selbstoptimierung sowie empirische Beispiele für ambivalente Rezeptionen von Appellen der Selbstoptimierung vor. Gesellschaftliche Zwänge zum Selbstzwang manifestieren sich u.a. in Appellen des Lebenslangen Lernens und der Selbstdisziplinierung, wie sie Selftracking und Lifelogging darstellen. Dieses Perfektionsstreben kann Menschlichkeit untergraben, aber auch Handlungsformen wie das Dilettieren hervorbringen. In empirischen Analysen kann nachgewiesen werden, dass Menschen oft ambivalent auf diese Zwänge reagieren, also gleichzeitig Optimierung und Menschlichkeit oder Anpassung und Selbstbestimmung anstreben. Manchmal sogar gerät der eigene Verbesserungswahn zur „Zerbesserung“, also letztlich zur Zerstörung des Selbst.
Selbststudium im digitalen Wandel: Digitales, begleitetes Selbststudium in der Mathematik – MINT meistern mit optes
Selbststudium ist ein wichtiges Element im Zuge der Digitalisierungsbestrebungen an Hochschulen. Das Projekt optes widmet sich dem digitalen, begleiteten Selbststudium im Fach Mathematik. Es bietet mit seinen webbasierten Angeboten die Möglichkeit, das Selbstlernen in der Studienvorbereitung zu unterstützen, um so die Abbruchquoten in MINT-Fächern zu reduzieren. Neben dem Studienvorbereitungsprogramm und Assessment-Tools in der Mathematik im Lernmanagementsystem ILIAS wurden in optes diverse Materialien zur Lernprozessbegleitung entwickelt, inklusive adaptiver Lernempfehlungen, diagnostischer Testverfahren zur Prüfung des Wissensstandes (vor und während des Studiums), Selbstreflexionstools und überfachlicher Lernmodule sowie persönliche E-Mentoring- und E-Tutoring-Programme. Der vorliegende Open-Access-Sammelband stellt die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse und praktischen Umsetzungen aus dem Projektkontext von optes dar.
Self-regulation of Learning and Performance: Issues and Educational Applications
In recent years, educators have become increasingly concerned with students' attempts to manage their own learning and achievement efforts through activities that influence the instigation, direction and persistence of those efforts. In 1989, Zimmerman and Schunk edited the first book devoted to this topic. They assembled key theorists offering a range of perspectives on how students self-regulate their academic functioning. One purpose of that volume was to provide theoretical direction to ongoing as well as nascent efforts to explore academic self-regulatory processes. Since that date, there has been an exponential surge in research. This second volume on academic self-regulation offers the fruits of the first generation of research. It also addresses a number of key issues that have arisen since then such as how self-regulation differs from such related constructs as motivation and metacognition, and whether students can be taught self-regulatory skills. The contributors reveal an interesting, uplifting, and at times, disturbing picture of how students grapple with the day-to-day problems of achieving in circumstances with inherent limitations and obstacles. This volume provides insight into the source of students' capabilities to surmount adversities -- the origins of their self-initiated processes designed to improve learning, motivation, and achievement. The text is organized on the basis of a conceptual framework that analyzes academic self-regulation into four major dimensions. That model is presented in the first chapter, and key processes that influence each of these dimensions are discussed by prominent researchers in the chapters that follow. Because each chapter is written to follow a common format, this work provides a level of continuity and parsimony normally found only in authored textbooks.