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Theory of Information and its Value

This English version of Ruslan L. Stratonovich’s Theory of Information (1975) builds on theory and provides methods, techniques, and concepts toward utilizing critical applications. Unifying theories of information, optimization, and statistical physics, the value of information theory has gained recognition in data science, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. With the emergence of a data-driven economy, progress in machine learning, artificial intelligence algorithms, and increased computational resources, the need for comprehending information is essential. This book is even more relevant today than when it was first published in 1975. It extends the classic work of R.L. Stratonovich, one of the original developers of the symmetrized version of stochastic calculus and filtering theory, to name just two topics.Each chapter begins with basic, fundamental ideas, supported by clear examples; the material then advances to great detail and depth. The reader is not required to be familiar with the more difficult and specific material. Rather, the treasure trove of examples of stochastic processes and problems makes this book accessible to a wide readership of researchers, postgraduates, and undergraduate students in mathematics, engineering, physics and computer science who are specializing in information theory, data analysis, or machine learning.

Theory of Hydraulic Models (Civil Engineering Hydraulics)

Theory of Hybrid Systems: Deterministic and Stochastic (Nonlinear Physical Science)

This book is the first to present the application of the hybrid system theory to systems with EPCA (equations with piecewise continuous arguments). The hybrid system paradigm is a valuable modeling tool for describing a wide range of real-world applications. Moreover, although new technology has produced, and continues to produce highly hierarchical sophisticated machinery that cannot be analyzed as a whole system, hybrid system representation can be used to reduce the structural complexity of these systems. That is to say, hybrid systems have become a modeling priority, which in turn has led to the creation of a promising research field with several application areas. As such, the book explores recent developments in the area of deterministic and stochastic hybrid systems using the Lyapunov and Razumikhin–Lyapunov methods to investigate the systems’ properties. It also describes properties such as stability, stabilization, reliable control, H-infinity optimal control, input-to-state stability (ISS)/stabilization, state estimation, and large-scale singularly perturbed systems.

Theory of High Temperature Superconductivity (Fundamental Theories of Physics #121)

Flux quantization experiments indicate that the carriers, Cooper pairs (pairons), in the supercurrent have charge magnitude 2e, and that they move independently. Josephson interference in a Superconducting Quantum Int- ference Device (SQUID) shows that the centers of masses (CM) of pairons move as bosons with a linear dispersion relation. Based on this evidence we develop a theory of superconductivity in conventional and mate- als from a unified point of view. Following Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) we regard the phonon exchange attraction as the cause of superc- ductivity. For cuprate superconductors, however, we take account of both optical- and acoustic-phonon exchange. BCS started with a Hamiltonian containing “electron” and “hole” kinetic energies and a pairing interaction with the phonon variables eliminated. These “electrons” and “holes” were introduced formally in terms of a free-electron model, which we consider unsatisfactory. We define “electrons” and “holes” in terms of the cur- tures of the Fermi surface. “Electrons” (1) and “holes” (2) are different and so they are assigned with different effective masses: Blatt, Schafroth and Butler proposed to explain superconductivity in terms of a Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) of electron pairs, each having mass M and a size. The system of free massive bosons, having a quadratic dispersion relation: and moving in three dimensions (3D) undergoes a BEC transition at where is the pair density.

Theory of Heavy-Fermion Compounds: Theory of Strongly Correlated Fermi-Systems (Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences #182)

This book explains modern and interesting physics in heavy-fermion (HF) compounds to graduate students and researchers in condensed matter physics. It presents a theory of heavy-fermion (HF) compounds such as HF metals, quantum spin liquids, quasicrystals and two-dimensional Fermi systems. The basic low-temperature properties and the scaling behavior of the compounds are described within the framework of the theory of fermion condensation quantum phase transition (FCQPT). Upon reading the book, the reader finds that HF compounds with quite different microscopic nature exhibit the same non-Fermi liquid behavior, while the data collected on very different HF systems have a universal scaling behavior, and these compounds are unexpectedly uniform despite their diversity. For the reader's convenience, the analysis of compounds is carried out in the context of salient experimental results. The numerous calculations of the non-Fermi liquid behavior, thermodynamic, relaxation and transport properties, being in good agreement with experimental facts, offer the reader solid grounds to learn the theory's applications. Finally, the reader will learn that FCQPT develops unexpectedly simple, yet completely good description of HF compounds.

Theory of Heat

The first objective of statistical mechanics is to explain the fundamental laws of thermodynamics from first principles based on the atomic structure of matter. This problem was attacked successfully first by MAXWELL and CLAUSIUS in studies on the kinetic theory of gases. It will be treated briefly in Sec. II-A, to gain some understanding and experience before dealing with more general problems. The second objective is then to calculate thermodynamics quantities from the microscopic laws governing the atomic motion. Whenever we try to lay the foundation of thermodynamics on an atomistic theory, we are confronted with a very strange situation. The thermodynamical state of a system is defined uniquely by only a few quantities, such as pressure, volume, energy, temperature, flow velocities, etc. In contrast, the atomistic descrip­ tion needs an enormous number of variables to define a state, e. g. , positions and velocities of all the atoms involved in classical mechanics or Schrodinger's wave function of the corresponding N body-problem in quantum mechanics. Classical mechanics, for instance, can predict the future development only if all the positions and velocities are known, say at time t = O. The number of values needed for this 23 purpose is of the order of 10 . Actually, only a few parameters are at our disposal from thermodynamics. Therefore, from thermodynamics we know almost nothing about the atomistic situation.

Theory of Gyroscopic Effects for Rotating Objects: Gyroscopic Effects and Applications

This book highlights an analytical solution for the dynamics of axially symmetric rotating objects. It also presents the theory of gyroscopic effects, explaining their physics and using mathematical models of Euler’s form for the motion of movable spinning objects to demonstrate these effects. The major themes and approaches are represented by the spinning disc and the action of the system of interrelated inertial torques generated by the centrifugal, common inertial, Coriolis forces, as well as the change in their angular momentum. These torques constitute the fundamental principles of the mechanical gyroscope theory that can be used for any rotating objects, like rings, cones, spheres, paraboloids and propellers of different designs. Lastly, the mathematical models for the gyroscopic effects are validated by practical tests.

Theory of Gyroscopic Effects for Rotating Objects: Gyroscopic Effects and Applications

This book highlights an analytical solution for the dynamics of axially rotating objects. It also presents the theory of gyroscopic effects, explaining their physics and using mathematical models of Euler’s form for the motion of movable spinning objects to demonstrate these effects. The major themes and approaches are represented by the spinning disc and the action of the system of interrelated inertial torques generated by the centrifugal and Coriolis forces, as well as the change in the angular momentum. The interrelation of inertial torques is based on the dependency of the angular velocities of the motions of the spinning objects around axes by the principle of mechanical energy conservation. These kinetically interrelated torques constitute the fundamental principles of the mechanical gyroscope theory that can be used for any rotating objects of different designs, like rings, cones, spheres, paraboloids, propellers, etc. Lastly, the mathematical models for the gyroscopic effects are validated by practical tests. The 2nd edition became necessary due to new development and corrections of mathematical expressions: It contains new chapters about the Tippe top inversion and inversion of the spinning object in an orbital flight and the boomerang aerodynamics.

Theory of Groundwater Flow (Civil Engineering Hydraulics #2)

Theory of Groundwater Flow (Theory And Applications Of Transport In Porous Media Ser. #2)

Theory of Ground Water Movement

Gives valuable insight into the status of ground water hydrology in the U.S.Originally published in 1962.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Theory of Ground Water Movement (Princeton Legacy Library #1968)

Gives valuable insight into the status of ground water hydrology in the U.S.Originally published in 1962.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Theory of Gravitational Interactions (UNITEXT for Physics)

This is the second edition of a well-received book that is a modern, self-contained introduction to the theory of gravitational interactions. The new edition includes more details on gravitational waves of cosmological origin, the so-called brane world scenario, and gravitational time-delay effects.The first part of the book follows the traditional presentation of general relativity as a geometric theory of the macroscopic gravitational field, while the second, more advanced part discusses the deep analogies (and differences) between a geometric theory of gravity and the gauge theories of the other fundamental interactions. This fills a gap within the traditional approach to general relativity which usually leaves students puzzled about the role of gravity. The required notions of differential geometry are reduced to the minimum, allowing room for aspects of gravitational physics of current phenomenological and theoretical interest, such as the properties of gravitational waves, the gravitational interactions of spinors, and the supersymmetric and higher-dimensional generalization of the Einstein equations. This textbook is primarily intended for students pursuing a theoretical or astroparticle curriculum but is also relevant for PhD students and young researchers.

Theory of Gravitational Interactions (Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics)

This reference textbook is an up-to-date and self-contained introduction to the theory of gravitational interactions. The first part of the book follows the traditional presentation of general relativity as a geometric theory of the macroscopic gravitational field. A second, advanced part then discusses the deep analogies (and differences) between a geometric theory of gravity and the gauge theories of the other fundamental interactions. This fills a gap which is present in the context of the traditional approach to general relativity, and which usually makes students puzzled about the role of gravity. The necessary notions of differential geometry are reduced to the minimum, leaving more room for those aspects of gravitational physics of current phenomenological and theoretical interest, such as the properties of gravitational waves, the gravitational interactions of spinors, and the supersymmetric generalization of the Einstein equations. Theory of Gravitational Interactions will be of particular value to undergraduate students pursuing a theoretical or astroparticle curriculum. It can also be used by those teaching related subjects, by PhD students and young researchers working in different scientific sectors but wishing to enlarge their spectrum of interests, and, in general, by all scholars interested in the modern aspects and problems of gravitational interaction.

Theory of Geostationary Satellites

Geostationary or equatorial synchronous satellites are a daily reminder of our space efforts during the past two decades. The nightly television satellite weather picture, the intercontinental telecommunications of television transmissions and telephone conversations, and the establishrnent of educational programs in remote regions on Earth are constant reminders of the presence of these satellites. As used here, the term 'geo­ stationary' must be taken loosely because, in the long run, the satellites will not remain 'stationary' with respect to an Earth-fixed reference frame. This results from the fact that these satellites, as is true for all satellites, are incessantly subject to perturbations other than the central-body attraction of the Earth. Among the more predominant pertur­ bations are: the ellipticity of the Earth's equator, the Sun and Moon, and solar radiation pressure. Higher harmonics of the Earth's potential and tidal effects also influence satellite motion, but they are of second­ order when compared to the predominant perturbations. This volume deals with the theory of geostationary satellites. It consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1 provides a general discussion including a brief history of geostationary satellites and their practical applications. Chapter 2 describes the Earth's gravitational potential field and the methodology of solving the geostationary satellite problem. Chapter 3 treats the effect of Earth's equatorial ellipticity (triaxiality) on a geostationary satellite. Chapter 4 deals with the effects of the Sun and Moon on the satellite's motion while Chapter 5 presents the combined influences of the Sun, Moon and solar radiation pressure. Chapter 6 describes various station-keeping techniques which may be used to make geostationary satellites practically stationary. Finally, Chapter 7 describes the verification of the theory developed in Chapters 3, 4 and 5 by utilizing the Early Bird synchronous satellite observed data as well as its numerically integrated results.

Theory of Generation and Conversion of Phonon Angular Momentum (Springer Theses)

This book presents a theoretical study of the generation and conversion of phonon angular momentum in crystals.Recently, rotational motions of lattice vibrations, i.e., phonons, in crystals attract considerable attentions. As such, the book theoretically demonstrate generations of phonons with rotational motions, based on model calculations and first-principle calculations. In systems without inversion symmetry, the phonon angular momentum is shown to be caused by the temperature gradient, which is demonstrated in crystals such as wurtzite gallium nitride, tellurium, and selenium using the first-principle calculations. In systems with neither time-reversal nor inversion symmetries, the phonon angular momentum is shown to be generated by an electric field. Secondly, the book presents the microscopic mechanisms developed by the author and his collaborator on how these microscopic rotations of nuclei are coupled with electron spins. These predictions serve as building blocks for spintronics with phonons or mechanical motions.

Theory of Gas Discharge Plasma (Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics #84)

This book presents the theory of gas discharge plasmas in a didactical way. It explains the processes in gas discharge plasmas. A gas discharge plasma is an ionized gas which is supported by an external electric field. Therefore its parameters are determined by processes in it. The properties of a gas discharge plasma depend on its gas component, types of external fields, their geometry and regimes of gas discharge. Fundamentals of a gas discharge plasma include elementary, radiative and transport processes which are included in its kinetics influence. They are represented in this book together with the analysis of simple gas discharges. These general principles are applied to stationary gas discharge plasmas of helium and argon. The analysis of such plasmas under certain conditions is theoretically determined by numerical plasma parameters for given regimes and conditions.

Theory of Function Spaces III (Monographs in Mathematics #100)

This volume presents the recent theory of function spaces, paying special attention to some recent developments related to neighboring areas such as numerics, signal processing, and fractal analysis. Local building blocks, in particular (non-smooth) atoms, quarks, wavelet bases and wavelet frames are considered in detail and applied to diverse problems, including a local smoothness theory, spaces on Lipschitz domains, and fractal analysis.

Theory of Fermi-liquids in Metals: A Compact Overview as an Introduction to Theoretical Solid-State Physics (essentials)

This essential offers a compact introduction to the theory of Fermi liquid for physics students in their main studies. It forms the basis for an understanding of theoretical solid state physics and is part of every introductory lecture on this topic. After a brief overview of the Sommerfeld model of metals, the concept of the quasiparticle is introduced. Important calculations characterizing a Fermi liquid are derived in detailed calculations. The essential concludes with an overview of the microscopic theory of Fermi liquids.This Springer essential is a translation of the original German 1st edition essentials, Theorie der Fermiflüssigkeit in Metallen by Michael Kinza, published by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature in 2018. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors.

Theory of Experiments in Paramagnetic Resonance: International Series of Monographs in Natural Philosophy

International Series of Monographs in Natural Philosophy, Volume 33: Theory of Experiments in Paramagnetic Resonance discusses the technique for studying materials with unpaired electrons. This book is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to examining matter through applying a magnetic field. The paramagnetic resonance line, such as the HF susceptibility as a function of certain parameters, is analyzed in the next chapter. Chapter 3 deals with the electronic signal that produces the HF susceptibility. The last chapter is devoted to the enhancement of the electronic signal above noise. This volume is beneficial to chemists and students interested in paramagnetic resonance.

Theory of Electronic and Optical Properties of Atomically Thin Films of Indium Selenide (Springer Theses)

This thesis provides the first comprehensive theoretical overview of the electronic and optical properties of two dimensional (2D) Indium Selenide: atomically thin films of InSe ranging from monolayers to few layers in thickness. The thesis shows how the electronic propertes of 2D InSe vary significantly with film thickness, changing from a weakly indirect semiconductor for the monolayer to a direct gap material in the bulk form, with a strong band gap variation with film thickness predicted and recently observed in optical experiments. The proposed theory is based on a specially designed hybrid k.p tight-binding model approach (HkpTB), which uses an intralayer k.p Hamiltonian to describe the InSe monolayer, and tight-binding-like interlayer hopping. Electronic and optical absorption spectra are determined, and a detailed description of subbands of electrons in few-layer films and the influence of spin-orbit coupling is provided. The author shows that the principal optical excitations of InSe films with the thickness from 1 to 15 layers broadly cover the visible spectrum, with the possibility of extending optical functionality into the infrared and THz range using intersubband transitions.

Theory of Concentrated Vortices: An Introduction

This book presents comprehensive and authoritative coverage of the wide field of concentrated vortices observed in nature and technique. The methods for research of their kinematics and dynamics are considered. Special attention is paid to the flows with helical symmetry. The authors have described models of vortex structures used for interpretation of experimental data which serve as a ground for development of theoretical and numerical approaches to vortex investigation.

Theory of Atomic and Molecular Clusters: With a Glimpse at Experiments (Springer Series in Cluster Physics)

Theory of Arched Structures: Strength, Stability, Vibration

Theory of Arched Structures: Strength, Stability, Vibration presents detailed procedures for analytical analysis of the strength, stability, and vibration of arched structures of different types, using exact analytical methods of classical structural analysis. The material discussed is divided into four parts. Part I covers stress and strain with a particular emphasis on analysis; Part II discusses stability and gives an in-depth analysis of elastic stability of arches and the role that matrix methods play in the stability of the arches; Part III presents a comprehensive tutorial on dynamics and free vibration of arches, and forced vibration of arches; and Part IV offers a section on special topics which contains a unique discussion of plastic analysis of arches and the optimal design of arches..

Theory in Planning Research (Planning, Environment, Cities)

Doing research is an essential element of almost all programmes in planning studies as well as related areas such as geography and urban studies, from undergraduate, through Masters to doctoral programmes. While most texts on such research emphasise methodologies, this book is unique in addressing how theoretical frameworks and perspectives can inform research activity. Providing both a concise introduction to a wide range of such theories and detailed engagement with cases of planning research, it provides the reader with the insights necessary to conduct theory-informed research. It offers an understanding of how the choice of a theoretical framework has implications for the focus of the research, the precise research questions addressed and the methodologies that will be most effective in answering those questions. Through practical advice and published examples it will support planning researchers in doing stronger, more widely-applicable research, which answers key questions about planning systems and their role within our societies.