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Architectural Factors for Infection and Disease Control
by AnnaMarie Bliss Dak KopecThis edited collection explores disease transmission and the ways that the designed environment has promoted or limited its spread. It discusses the many design factors that can be used for infection and disease control through lenses of history, public health, building technology, design, and education.This book calls on designers to consider the role of the built environment as the primary source of bacterial, viral, and fungal transfers through fomites, ventilation systems, and overcrowding and spatial organization. Through 19 original contributions, it provides an array of perspectives to understand how the designed environment may offer a reprieve from disease. The authors build a historical foundation of infection and disease, using examples ranging from lazarettos to leprosy centers to show how the ability to control infection and disease has long been a concern for humanity. The book goes on to discuss disease propagation, putting forth a variety of ideas to control the transmission of pathogens, including environmental design strategies, pedestrian dynamics, and open space. Its final chapters serve as a prospective way forward, focusing on COVID-19 and the built environment in a post-pandemic world.Written for students and academics of architecture, design, and urban planning, this book ignites creative action on the ways to design our built environment differently and more holistically.Please note that research on COVID-19 has exponentially grown since this volume was written in October 2020. References cited reflect the evolving nature of research studies at that time.
Architectural Factors for Infection and Disease Control
by AnnaMarie Bliss Dak KopecThis edited collection explores disease transmission and the ways that the designed environment has promoted or limited its spread. It discusses the many design factors that can be used for infection and disease control through lenses of history, public health, building technology, design, and education.This book calls on designers to consider the role of the built environment as the primary source of bacterial, viral, and fungal transfers through fomites, ventilation systems, and overcrowding and spatial organization. Through 19 original contributions, it provides an array of perspectives to understand how the designed environment may offer a reprieve from disease. The authors build a historical foundation of infection and disease, using examples ranging from lazarettos to leprosy centers to show how the ability to control infection and disease has long been a concern for humanity. The book goes on to discuss disease propagation, putting forth a variety of ideas to control the transmission of pathogens, including environmental design strategies, pedestrian dynamics, and open space. Its final chapters serve as a prospective way forward, focusing on COVID-19 and the built environment in a post-pandemic world.Written for students and academics of architecture, design, and urban planning, this book ignites creative action on the ways to design our built environment differently and more holistically.Please note that research on COVID-19 has exponentially grown since this volume was written in October 2020. References cited reflect the evolving nature of research studies at that time.
Positive Health: 100+ Research-based Positive Psychology and Lifestyle Medicine Tools to Enhance Your Wellbeing
by Jolanta Burke Pádraic J. Dunne Trudy Meehan Ciaran A. O’Boyle Christian van NieuwerburghThis comprehensive compendium offers a wealth of research-informed tools that can boost both physical and mental wellbeing throughout the lifespan. Filled with more than 100 activities to help you live life better, this book is the first of its kind to integrate the latest research from the fields of positive psychology and lifestyle medicine. Striking a careful balance between theory and practice, the book first reviews what is known about positive psychology and health, presenting a novel approach to holistic wellbeing. It then goes on to provide more than 100 tools designed to increase physical, mental and social health and wellbeing, and also to decrease the risk of illness and disease. The tools described can be used by people of all ages, whether well or experiencing illness. It includes tools that you can use to improve your nutrition and sleep, to increase your physical activity, to develop positive relationships, to develop a positive mindset and to pursue a meaning in life. These tools provide research-informed, practical advice to help you to make lasting changes and become the best possible version of yourself. This book is invaluable for anyone who wishes to maintain and enhance their health and wellbeing using tools that have been shown through research to be effective. It is also a key text for students in positive psychology and healthcare, as well serving as an evidence-based reference book for coaches and health professionals who wish to recommend research-informed tools to their clients and patients.
Positive Health: 100+ Research-based Positive Psychology and Lifestyle Medicine Tools to Enhance Your Wellbeing
by Jolanta Burke Pádraic J. Dunne Trudy Meehan Ciaran A. O’Boyle Christian van NieuwerburghThis comprehensive compendium offers a wealth of research-informed tools that can boost both physical and mental wellbeing throughout the lifespan. Filled with more than 100 activities to help you live life better, this book is the first of its kind to integrate the latest research from the fields of positive psychology and lifestyle medicine. Striking a careful balance between theory and practice, the book first reviews what is known about positive psychology and health, presenting a novel approach to holistic wellbeing. It then goes on to provide more than 100 tools designed to increase physical, mental and social health and wellbeing, and also to decrease the risk of illness and disease. The tools described can be used by people of all ages, whether well or experiencing illness. It includes tools that you can use to improve your nutrition and sleep, to increase your physical activity, to develop positive relationships, to develop a positive mindset and to pursue a meaning in life. These tools provide research-informed, practical advice to help you to make lasting changes and become the best possible version of yourself. This book is invaluable for anyone who wishes to maintain and enhance their health and wellbeing using tools that have been shown through research to be effective. It is also a key text for students in positive psychology and healthcare, as well serving as an evidence-based reference book for coaches and health professionals who wish to recommend research-informed tools to their clients and patients.
International Human Rights Law and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Lessons from Africa and Beyond (Routledge Research in Health Law)
by Ebenezer Durojaye Lucyline Nkatha MurungiThis book reviews the challenges and opportunities in the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) at the regional and national levels in Africa. It contains an analysis of the relevant norms and monitoring mechanisms at the regional level, and case studies from selected African and other developing countries. The WHO has noted that tobacco use or exposure to tobacco is a major health risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This volume highlights the importance of taking measures to control tobacco use in Africa with a view to preventing these risks. With contributions from experts from the Global South, the book provides a critical analysis of the role that human rights can play in mitigating the impact of tobacco use and NCDs, and the implementation of the FCTC. The book contains a systematic and in-depth analysis of how efforts to realise the right to health under international and regional law can help to address the incidence of tobacco use in the developing world. The collection will be an important resource for academics, researchers and policymakers working in the areas of public health law and international human rights.
International Human Rights Law and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Lessons from Africa and Beyond (Routledge Research in Health Law)
by Ebenezer Durojaye Lucyline Nkatha MurungiThis book reviews the challenges and opportunities in the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) at the regional and national levels in Africa. It contains an analysis of the relevant norms and monitoring mechanisms at the regional level, and case studies from selected African and other developing countries. The WHO has noted that tobacco use or exposure to tobacco is a major health risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This volume highlights the importance of taking measures to control tobacco use in Africa with a view to preventing these risks. With contributions from experts from the Global South, the book provides a critical analysis of the role that human rights can play in mitigating the impact of tobacco use and NCDs, and the implementation of the FCTC. The book contains a systematic and in-depth analysis of how efforts to realise the right to health under international and regional law can help to address the incidence of tobacco use in the developing world. The collection will be an important resource for academics, researchers and policymakers working in the areas of public health law and international human rights.
Contemporary Issues in Perinatal Education: Knowledge into Practice
by Mary Nolan Shona GoreProviding essential knowledge and understanding that midwives, health visitors, nursery nurses and lay birth and early parenting educators need to deliver effective and evidence-based education to all new parents and families, this book explores key issues in perinatal education. Bringing together research and thinking around preconception and birth, infant sleep, nutrition, attachment and development, it also includes chapters on topics of growing importance, such as preconception education, LGBTQ+ parent education, the role of parenting advice, parent education across different cultures and teaching antenatal classes online. Each chapter includes a key knowledge update and pointers for practice. This wide-ranging and practical text is an important read for all those supporting new parents from pregnancy through the first 1000 days, especially those delivering antenatal care and birth and early parenting education.
Contemporary Issues in Perinatal Education: Knowledge into Practice
by Mary Nolan Shona GoreProviding essential knowledge and understanding that midwives, health visitors, nursery nurses and lay birth and early parenting educators need to deliver effective and evidence-based education to all new parents and families, this book explores key issues in perinatal education. Bringing together research and thinking around preconception and birth, infant sleep, nutrition, attachment and development, it also includes chapters on topics of growing importance, such as preconception education, LGBTQ+ parent education, the role of parenting advice, parent education across different cultures and teaching antenatal classes online. Each chapter includes a key knowledge update and pointers for practice. This wide-ranging and practical text is an important read for all those supporting new parents from pregnancy through the first 1000 days, especially those delivering antenatal care and birth and early parenting education.
Meisner and Mindfulness: Authentic and Truthful Solutions for the Challenges of Modern Acting
by Royce SparksMeisner and Mindfulness: Authentic and Truthful Solutions for the Challenges of Modern Acting is the first book that reveals how Meisner and mindfulness can be united to create strong results for actors and help them navigate the challenges of the digital age. The twenty-first century has created an entirely new set of demands and pressures on the working actor, including an acceleration of the digital age and the complications of COVID-19, which have led to auditions, rehearsals, and even whole performances happening entirely in isolation. This book combines a modern rethinking of the Meisner technique with a complementary set of tools from mindfulness meditation to offer profound solutions to these growing challenges, addressing the demands of a post-coronavirus industry as well as the pressures of acting in the digital era. In this ground-breaking expansion of the technique, readers will discover how it is possible to train some of the deepest values of living truthfully under a given set of circumstances, both with other actors and whilst alone. Since the 1950s the Meisner technique has aided the actor in navigating the demands unique to their time. This book is a powerful reminder that, even in the midst of so many changes and challenges, the truthfulness that has defined outstanding performances across generations is still within reach. Full of easily accessible mindfulness and Meisner exercises and principles for practice-based support, Meisner and Mindfulness will be illuminating to working actors, directors, students and instructors of acting, and practitioners of the Meisner technique looking to develop the authenticity, immediateness, and closeness essential to great acting. The book also includes access to an online supplement featuring additional exercises and concepts, including new ways to incorporate Meisner exercises into training sessions, suggestions for how Meisner-oriented companies can use exercises such as repetition in rehearsals, and discussions for how to set up a facilitated Meisner group.
Meisner and Mindfulness: Authentic and Truthful Solutions for the Challenges of Modern Acting
by Royce SparksMeisner and Mindfulness: Authentic and Truthful Solutions for the Challenges of Modern Acting is the first book that reveals how Meisner and mindfulness can be united to create strong results for actors and help them navigate the challenges of the digital age. The twenty-first century has created an entirely new set of demands and pressures on the working actor, including an acceleration of the digital age and the complications of COVID-19, which have led to auditions, rehearsals, and even whole performances happening entirely in isolation. This book combines a modern rethinking of the Meisner technique with a complementary set of tools from mindfulness meditation to offer profound solutions to these growing challenges, addressing the demands of a post-coronavirus industry as well as the pressures of acting in the digital era. In this ground-breaking expansion of the technique, readers will discover how it is possible to train some of the deepest values of living truthfully under a given set of circumstances, both with other actors and whilst alone. Since the 1950s the Meisner technique has aided the actor in navigating the demands unique to their time. This book is a powerful reminder that, even in the midst of so many changes and challenges, the truthfulness that has defined outstanding performances across generations is still within reach. Full of easily accessible mindfulness and Meisner exercises and principles for practice-based support, Meisner and Mindfulness will be illuminating to working actors, directors, students and instructors of acting, and practitioners of the Meisner technique looking to develop the authenticity, immediateness, and closeness essential to great acting. The book also includes access to an online supplement featuring additional exercises and concepts, including new ways to incorporate Meisner exercises into training sessions, suggestions for how Meisner-oriented companies can use exercises such as repetition in rehearsals, and discussions for how to set up a facilitated Meisner group.
Reliability Data on Fire Sprinkler Systems: Collection, Analysis, Presentation, and Validation
by Arnstein Fedøy Ajit Kumar VermaThis book covers fire and extinguishing theory and reliability theory and how to validate any survey within the field of engineering. It’s based on a year’s study of historical literature, using critical review and document analysis. It covers how data is collected, analyzed, and presented. It discusses reliability theory, calculation, and uncertainty analysis, and after validating proposes a new methodology and approach using general scientific value and examples. Features Includes an in-depth study on relevant sprinkler reliability studies based for the first time on critical review and document analysis Presents a scientific validating analysis of studies based on how a survey should be conducted Critiques the fact that reliability of a sprinkler system as its ability to function as designed, has never been subject to surveys Suggestions for new survey methodology that can be used for the field of engineering, including all active and passive fire protection measures Discusses extinguishing theory, general design of extinguishing systems, different systems and the reliability of them all "Reliability Data on Fire Sprinkler Systems" will be of interest to Reliability Engineers, Systems, Architecture and Engineers, Design, Maintenance, Mechanical and, Civil Engineers, as well as those working in the field of fire protection and building and fire codes.
Reliability Data on Fire Sprinkler Systems: Collection, Analysis, Presentation, and Validation
by Arnstein Fedøy Ajit Kumar VermaThis book covers fire and extinguishing theory and reliability theory and how to validate any survey within the field of engineering. It’s based on a year’s study of historical literature, using critical review and document analysis. It covers how data is collected, analyzed, and presented. It discusses reliability theory, calculation, and uncertainty analysis, and after validating proposes a new methodology and approach using general scientific value and examples. Features Includes an in-depth study on relevant sprinkler reliability studies based for the first time on critical review and document analysis Presents a scientific validating analysis of studies based on how a survey should be conducted Critiques the fact that reliability of a sprinkler system as its ability to function as designed, has never been subject to surveys Suggestions for new survey methodology that can be used for the field of engineering, including all active and passive fire protection measures Discusses extinguishing theory, general design of extinguishing systems, different systems and the reliability of them all "Reliability Data on Fire Sprinkler Systems" will be of interest to Reliability Engineers, Systems, Architecture and Engineers, Design, Maintenance, Mechanical and, Civil Engineers, as well as those working in the field of fire protection and building and fire codes.
Drug Legalization in Federalist Constitutional Democracies: The Canadian Cannabis Case Study in Comparative Context
by Daniel AlatiThis book uses the Canadian Cannabis legalization experiment, analyzed in the historical context of wider drug criminalization in Canada, and placed in international perspective, to examine important lessons about the differential implementation of federal law in jurisdictions within federalist constitutional democracies. Utilizing a socio-legal, interdisciplinary methodology, the work provides a comprehensive history of federal drug policy and engages in a critical appraisal of its provincial implementation. It also presents a significant international and comparative component, bringing in analyses of the status of drug legalization in other federalist constitutional democracies. Readers of the book will thus gain a comprehensive knowledge of drug legalization in federalist constitutional democracies. They will also better understand the political and cultural factors that impact upon differential implementation of federal law in individual jurisdictions including, but not limited to, legacies of racism and stigmatization of drug use. Using the experience of Canada and other countries, future challenges and lessons to be learned for states considering federal drug legalization are analysed and explained. The book will be a valuable resource for students, academics and policy-makers in the areas of Criminal Law, Constitutional Law, Criminology, Socio-Legal Studies, Indigenous Studies, and Drug and Health Policy Studies.
Drug Legalization in Federalist Constitutional Democracies: The Canadian Cannabis Case Study in Comparative Context
by Daniel AlatiThis book uses the Canadian Cannabis legalization experiment, analyzed in the historical context of wider drug criminalization in Canada, and placed in international perspective, to examine important lessons about the differential implementation of federal law in jurisdictions within federalist constitutional democracies. Utilizing a socio-legal, interdisciplinary methodology, the work provides a comprehensive history of federal drug policy and engages in a critical appraisal of its provincial implementation. It also presents a significant international and comparative component, bringing in analyses of the status of drug legalization in other federalist constitutional democracies. Readers of the book will thus gain a comprehensive knowledge of drug legalization in federalist constitutional democracies. They will also better understand the political and cultural factors that impact upon differential implementation of federal law in individual jurisdictions including, but not limited to, legacies of racism and stigmatization of drug use. Using the experience of Canada and other countries, future challenges and lessons to be learned for states considering federal drug legalization are analysed and explained. The book will be a valuable resource for students, academics and policy-makers in the areas of Criminal Law, Constitutional Law, Criminology, Socio-Legal Studies, Indigenous Studies, and Drug and Health Policy Studies.
Ethical Issues in Chronic Pain Management
by Michael E. SchatmanSpecifically designed to address the needs of all specialists involved in the care of chronic pain patients, this source clarifies the ethical and legal issues associated with the diagnosis, assessment, and care of patients suffering from long-term pain. Divided into five comprehensive sections, this source covers a variety of topics to help the ch
Exercise, Nutrition and the Older Woman: Wellness for Women Over Fifty
by Maria A. Fiatarone SinghExercise, Nutrition and the Older Woman: Wellness for Women Over Fifty is a comprehensive guide to the major wellness issues for women over fifty. The author is a physician who explores diet, exercise and lifestyle choices from a medical perspective. The book assists in the design and implementation of programs to optimize good health and quality o
Lung Cancer: Translational and Emerging Therapies
by Kishan J. Pandya Julie R. Brahmer Manuel HidalgoLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Filling a gap in the literature, this resource translates recent laboratory findings into practical applications for the prevention and control of lung cancer. Featuring chapters by seasoned researchers in the field, this reference reviews current advances in imaging, d
Nutrition and the Strength Athlete
by Catherine G. R. JacksonBoth strength training and weight training are recognized by the American College of Sports Medicine as vital to a high quality of life. They are also of tremendous benefit to young, healthy adults and adults with or at risk for osteoporosis. Most information on nutrition and strength athletes, however, is scattered throughout pamphlet-type publica
Physical Education Pedagogies for Health (Routledge Focus on Sport Pedagogy)
by Lorraine Cale Jo HarrisThis book focuses on health within physical education (PE) and specifically on PE pedagogies for health. It gives practitioners and students the knowledge, understanding, skills and confidence to employ effective health pedagogies and practices in their work, and to promote healthy, active lifestyles within their PE curricula. Drawing on cutting-edge research, the book highlights key pedagogical issues and debates concerning the delivery of health in PE, and their implications for practice, such as in policy and curriculum development. It explores recent recommendations and developments in PE pedagogies for health which have been shown to enhance, or have the potential to enhance, practice in the area, as well as future opportunities for doing so. It provides practical tools that bridge the gap between research and application, including learning activities and questions that encourage the reader to reflect on their own professional practice and identify actions for developing their own pedagogy, practice and curricula in the area. This is essential reading for all PE teachers, coaches working with children or young people, teacher and coach educators, and trainee teachers and coaches.
Physical Education Pedagogies for Health (Routledge Focus on Sport Pedagogy)
by Lorraine Cale Jo HarrisThis book focuses on health within physical education (PE) and specifically on PE pedagogies for health. It gives practitioners and students the knowledge, understanding, skills and confidence to employ effective health pedagogies and practices in their work, and to promote healthy, active lifestyles within their PE curricula. Drawing on cutting-edge research, the book highlights key pedagogical issues and debates concerning the delivery of health in PE, and their implications for practice, such as in policy and curriculum development. It explores recent recommendations and developments in PE pedagogies for health which have been shown to enhance, or have the potential to enhance, practice in the area, as well as future opportunities for doing so. It provides practical tools that bridge the gap between research and application, including learning activities and questions that encourage the reader to reflect on their own professional practice and identify actions for developing their own pedagogy, practice and curricula in the area. This is essential reading for all PE teachers, coaches working with children or young people, teacher and coach educators, and trainee teachers and coaches.
Frontline Workers and Women as Warriors in the Covid-19 Pandemic
by R. C. Sobti Vipin SobtiThe Covid-19 Pandemic disrupted lives across borders and created unprecedented pressures on the health and medical infrastructure. Frontline workers were at the forefront in handling efforts to curb its devastating effects on people’s lives. This volume looks at various challenges frontline workers and women, working tirelessly both in the privacy of homes as well as professionals in public spaces faced and their immense contribution to managing the pandemic. It examines the psycho-social and health implications the pandemic and its fallout has had on the professions and personal lives of healthcare workers, sanitary workers, police, teachers, household helps, sex workers, volunteers among others. Analysing the vulnerabilities and the adaptability of nursing personnel, doctors and administrators, it also offers suggestions for rebooting health-care systems and for putting in place support-systems to mitigate the adverse gendered impacts of the lockdowns and the spread of the disease. Comprehensive and insightful, with essays from experts in different fields, this book will be of interest to students and researchers of public health, health care management, gender studies, public policy making, sociology, economics.
Frontline Workers and Women as Warriors in the Covid-19 Pandemic
by R. C. Sobti Vipin SobtiThe Covid-19 Pandemic disrupted lives across borders and created unprecedented pressures on the health and medical infrastructure. Frontline workers were at the forefront in handling efforts to curb its devastating effects on people’s lives. This volume looks at various challenges frontline workers and women, working tirelessly both in the privacy of homes as well as professionals in public spaces faced and their immense contribution to managing the pandemic. It examines the psycho-social and health implications the pandemic and its fallout has had on the professions and personal lives of healthcare workers, sanitary workers, police, teachers, household helps, sex workers, volunteers among others. Analysing the vulnerabilities and the adaptability of nursing personnel, doctors and administrators, it also offers suggestions for rebooting health-care systems and for putting in place support-systems to mitigate the adverse gendered impacts of the lockdowns and the spread of the disease. Comprehensive and insightful, with essays from experts in different fields, this book will be of interest to students and researchers of public health, health care management, gender studies, public policy making, sociology, economics.
Exercise Medicine for the Frailty Syndrome
by Tommy BooneFrailty is a clinical syndrome caused by multiple chronic conditions that makes it difficult to maintain homeostasis. In part, it is the result of the body’s inability to regulate normal inflammatory responses that lead to muscle loss, decrease in strength, and independence. Regular exercise helps to optimize physiological performance. It is a profound influence, especially in the presence of physical inactivity, where the lack of exercise leads to poor health and decreased longevity. Unfortunately, a high percentage of Americans fail to engage in daily exercise with the older population becoming increasingly frail, which is a syndrome characterized by declines in musculoskeletal and physiologic reserve and function. It has been documented that exercise is medicine and can be better than the effects induced by drugs. Exercise physiologists are healthcare professionals. They are key professionals in developing and applying an exercise medicine prescription for frail adults. Exercise Medicine for the Frailty Syndrome speaks to the benefits of exercise medicine as the best therapy to prevent or reverse the age-related muscle loss and functional deficits that are predictive of an increase in falls, hospitalization, institutionalization, and mortality. This book is a proactive step to help increase the functional independence of older frail adults. It highlights Board Certification by the American Society of Exercise Physiologists as the professional qualification to improve society’s understanding of the biological treatment and complexity of the frailty syndrome and is key reading for Exercise Physiologists.
Exercise Medicine for the Frailty Syndrome
by Tommy BooneFrailty is a clinical syndrome caused by multiple chronic conditions that makes it difficult to maintain homeostasis. In part, it is the result of the body’s inability to regulate normal inflammatory responses that lead to muscle loss, decrease in strength, and independence. Regular exercise helps to optimize physiological performance. It is a profound influence, especially in the presence of physical inactivity, where the lack of exercise leads to poor health and decreased longevity. Unfortunately, a high percentage of Americans fail to engage in daily exercise with the older population becoming increasingly frail, which is a syndrome characterized by declines in musculoskeletal and physiologic reserve and function. It has been documented that exercise is medicine and can be better than the effects induced by drugs. Exercise physiologists are healthcare professionals. They are key professionals in developing and applying an exercise medicine prescription for frail adults. Exercise Medicine for the Frailty Syndrome speaks to the benefits of exercise medicine as the best therapy to prevent or reverse the age-related muscle loss and functional deficits that are predictive of an increase in falls, hospitalization, institutionalization, and mortality. This book is a proactive step to help increase the functional independence of older frail adults. It highlights Board Certification by the American Society of Exercise Physiologists as the professional qualification to improve society’s understanding of the biological treatment and complexity of the frailty syndrome and is key reading for Exercise Physiologists.
Malaria in Colonial South Asia: Uncoupling Disease and Destitution
by Sheila ZurbriggThis book highlights the role of acute hunger in malaria lethality in colonial South Asia and investigates how this understanding came to be lost in modern medical, epidemic, and historiographic thought. Using the case studies of colonial Punjab, Sri Lanka, and Bengal, it traces the loss of fundamental concepts and language of hunger in the inter-war period with the reductive application of the new specialisms of nutritional science and immunology, and a parallel loss of the distinction between infection (transmission) and morbid disease. The study locates the final demise of the ‘Human Factor’ (hunger) in malaria history within pre- and early post-WW2 international health institutions – the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation and the nascent WHO’s Expert Committee on Malaria. It examines the implications of this epistemic shift for interpreting South Asian health history, and reclaims a broader understanding of common endemic infection (endemiology) as a prime driver, in the context of subsistence precarity, of epidemic mortality history and demographic change. This book will be useful to scholars and researchers of public health, social medicine and social epidemiology, imperial history, epidemic and demographic history, history of medicine, medical sociology, and sociology.