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ABC's of Science
by Charles A. OliverThis books is about alpha, beta, and gamma. These are the first three letters of the Greek alphabet. <P> <P> This alphabet was the major method of written communication in ancient times, and is of course still used today. The Greek letters are also the most commonly used symbols in science. In all branches of science, we use symbols to represent ideas and definitions. Symbols serve to simplify communication and calculations—once you get used to them, that is.
Enlargement
This diagram shows two triangles; the original triangle and its enlargement into a new position. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. There is a graph with the x-axis ranging from 0 to 5 at the bottom of the page. The y-axis ranging from 0 to 6 is to the left. Every other axis division mark is labelled. Some of the braille uses maths code notation. The original triangle is in the centre of the diagram. The enlarged triangle is towards the bottom right. The heavy dotted lines indicate the tracking of the enlargement. A1B1 = 2 x AB therefore the scale factor is 2.
Enlargement
This diagram shows two triangles; the original triangle and its enlargement into a new position. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. There is a graph with the x-axis ranging from 0 to 5 at the bottom of the page. The y-axis ranging from 0 to 6 is to the left. Every other axis division mark is labelled. Some of the braille uses maths code notation. The original triangle is in the centre of the diagram. The enlarged triangle is towards the bottom right. The heavy dotted lines indicate the tracking of the enlargement. A1B1 = 2 x AB therefore the scale factor is 2.
Enlargement
This diagram shows two triangles; the original triangle and its enlargement into a new position. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. There is a graph with the x-axis ranging from 0 to 5 at the bottom of the page. The y-axis ranging from 0 to 6 is to the left. Every other axis division mark is labelled. Some of the braille uses maths code notation. The original triangle is in the centre of the diagram. The enlarged triangle is towards the bottom right. The heavy dotted lines indicate the tracking of the enlargement. A1B1 = 2 x AB therefore the scale factor is 2.
Translation
by RnibThis diagram shows three triangles; the original triangle and its translation in two different ways to two new positions. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. There is a graph with all four quadrants showing, and the x and y axes ranging from -3 to 3. The x and the y axes intersect at the origin marked by an O. Axes values are positive to the right and to the top of the diagram. Axes values are negative to the left and to the bottom of the diagram. Not all axis division marks are labelled. Some of the braille uses maths code notation. When a shape is translated, it stays the same shape and orientation; only its position changes. The original triangle is in the top left quadrant. There is a translation to the right of a value of 4, and then a translation down of a value of 1. There is also a second translation, right to a value of 4, and then down to a value of 4. The movement of the first triangle is indicated by a heavy dashed line.
Translation
This diagram shows three triangles; the original triangle and its translation in two different ways to two new positions. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. There is a graph with all four quadrants showing, and the x and y axes ranging from -3 to 3. The x and the y axes intersect at the origin marked by an O. Axes values are positive to the right and to the top of the diagram. Axes values are negative to the left and to the bottom of the diagram. Not all axis division marks are labelled. Some of the braille uses maths code notation. When a shape is translated, it stays the same shape and orientation; only its position changes. The original triangle is in the top left quadrant. There is a translation to the right of a value of 4, and then a translation down of a value of 1. There is also a second translation, right to a value of 4, and then down to a value of 4. The movement of the first triangle is indicated by a heavy dashed line.
Translation
This diagram shows three triangles; the original triangle and its translation in two different ways to two new positions. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. There is a graph with all four quadrants showing, and the x and y axes ranging from -3 to 3. The x and the y axes intersect at the origin marked by an O. Axes values are positive to the right and to the top of the diagram. Axes values are negative to the left and to the bottom of the diagram. Not all axis division marks are labelled. Some of the braille uses maths code notation. When a shape is translated, it stays the same shape and orientation; only its position changes. The original triangle is in the top left quadrant. There is a translation to the right of a value of 4, and then a translation down of a value of 1. There is also a second translation, right to a value of 4, and then down to a value of 4. The movement of the first triangle is indicated by a heavy dashed line.
Rotation
This diagram shows three triangles; the original triangle and its rotation in two different directions to two new positions. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. There is a graph with all four quadrants showing, and the x and y axes ranging from -3 to 3. The x and the y axes intersect at the origin marked by an X. Axes values are positive to the right and to the top of the diagram. Axes values are negative to the left and to the bottom of the diagram. Not all axis division marks are labelled. Some of the braille uses maths code notation. When an object is rotated it stays the same shape but its position and orientation change. The original triangle is in the top left quadrant. The triangle rotated 90? clockwise is to the right. The triangle rotated 180? anticlockwise is shown in the bottom right quadrant. Their path of movement is indicated by curved heavy dashed arc lines. Note the 90? arc in the top right quadrant is broken in the tactile version of the graph to allow a braille label to be clearly read.
Rotation
This diagram shows three triangles; the original triangle and its rotation in two different directions to two new positions. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. There is a graph with all four quadrants showing, and the x and y axes ranging from -3 to 3. The x and the y axes intersect at the origin marked by an X. Axes values are positive to the right and to the top of the diagram. Axes values are negative to the left and to the bottom of the diagram. Not all axis division marks are labelled. Some of the braille uses maths code notation. When an object is rotated it stays the same shape but its position and orientation change. The original triangle is in the top left quadrant. The triangle rotated 90? clockwise is to the right. The triangle rotated 180? anticlockwise is shown in the bottom right quadrant. Their path of movement is indicated by curved heavy dashed arc lines. Note the 90? arc in the top right quadrant is broken in the tactile version of the graph to allow a braille label to be clearly read.
Rotation
This diagram shows three triangles; the original triangle and its rotation in two different directions to two new positions. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. There is a graph with all four quadrants showing, and the x and y axes ranging from -3 to 3. The x and the y axes intersect at the origin marked by an X. Axes values are positive to the right and to the top of the diagram. Axes values are negative to the left and to the bottom of the diagram. Not all axis division marks are labelled. Some of the braille uses maths code notation. When an object is rotated it stays the same shape but its position and orientation change. The original triangle is in the top left quadrant. The triangle rotated 90? clockwise is to the right. The triangle rotated 180? anticlockwise is shown in the bottom right quadrant. Their path of movement is indicated by curved heavy dashed arc lines. Note the 90? arc in the top right quadrant is broken in the tactile version of the graph to allow a braille label to be clearly read.
Congruency (Large Print)
by Rnib BookshareThis diagram consists of two pairs of congruent shapes; two triangles in the middle of the page and two irregular shapes at the bottom of the page. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The top two are congruent - the one on the right is in a mirrored position. The diagram shows how their congruency is proved. The bottom two are also congruent - the one on the right is in a rotated position. When shapes are congruent they are the same size and shape but can be rotated and/or mirrored.
Congruency
This diagram consists of two pairs of congruent shapes; two triangles in the middle of the page and two irregular shapes at the bottom of the page. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The top two are congruent - the one on the right is in a mirrored position. The diagram shows how their congruency is proved. The bottom two are also congruent - the one on the right is in a rotated position. When shapes are congruent they are the same size and shape but can be rotated and/or mirrored.
Congruency
This diagram consists of two pairs of congruent shapes; two triangles in the middle of the page and two irregular shapes at the bottom of the page. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. The top two are congruent - the one on the right is in a mirrored position. The diagram shows how their congruency is proved. The bottom two are also congruent - the one on the right is in a rotated position. When shapes are congruent they are the same size and shape but can be rotated and/or mirrored.
Similarity
This diagram consists of two pairs of similar shapes; the two in the middle of the page are similar and the bottom two are also similar. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Similarity is a type of enlargement. The corresponding sides are in the same ratio - the ratio is the scale factor of the enlargement.
Similarity
This diagram consists of two pairs of similar shapes; the two in the middle of the page are similar and the bottom two are also similar. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Similarity is a type of enlargement. The corresponding sides are in the same ratio - the ratio is the scale factor of the enlargement.
Similarity
This diagram consists of two pairs of similar shapes; the two in the middle of the page are similar and the bottom two are also similar. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. Similarity is a type of enlargement. The corresponding sides are in the same ratio - the ratio is the scale factor of the enlargement.
Reflection
This diagram shows a triangle reflected on two different mirror lines. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. There is a graph with all four quadrants showing, and the x and y axes ranging from -3 to 3. The x and the y axis intersect at the origin O. Positive values are to the right and to the top of the diagram. Negative values are to the left and to the bottom of the diagram. Not all axis division marks are labelled. Some of the braille uses maths code notation. When a shape is reflected it is the same shape but turned over into a new position. The original triangle 1 is in the top left quadrant. Triangle 2 to the right is a reflection in the y-axis. The mirror line is represented by a heavy dashed line which has replaced the normal y axis line in the top part of the diagram. Triangle 3 in the bottom right quadrant, is a reflection in the y = x-axis. This mirror line is also shown as a heavy dashed line. Note the two mirror lines would normally go from one edge of the graph to the other, in this diagram the mirror lines have been shortened to prevent tactile confusion.
Reflection
This diagram shows a triangle reflected on two different mirror lines. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. There is a graph with all four quadrants showing, and the x and y axes ranging from -3 to 3. The x and the y axis intersect at the origin O. Positive values are to the right and to the top of the diagram. Negative values are to the left and to the bottom of the diagram. Not all axis division marks are labelled. Some of the braille uses maths code notation. When a shape is reflected it is the same shape but turned over into a new position. The original triangle 1 is in the top left quadrant. Triangle 2 to the right is a reflection in the y-axis. The mirror line is represented by a heavy dashed line which has replaced the normal y axis line in the top part of the diagram. Triangle 3 in the bottom right quadrant, is a reflection in the y = x-axis. This mirror line is also shown as a heavy dashed line. Note the two mirror lines would normally go from one edge of the graph to the other, in this diagram the mirror lines have been shortened to prevent tactile confusion.
Reflection
This diagram shows a triangle reflected on two different mirror lines. A locator dot and title are shown. These must always be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. There is a graph with all four quadrants showing, and the x and y axes ranging from -3 to 3. The x and the y axis intersect at the origin O. Positive values are to the right and to the top of the diagram. Negative values are to the left and to the bottom of the diagram. Not all axis division marks are labelled. Some of the braille uses maths code notation. When a shape is reflected it is the same shape but turned over into a new position. The original triangle 1 is in the top left quadrant. Triangle 2 to the right is a reflection in the y-axis. The mirror line is represented by a heavy dashed line which has replaced the normal y axis line in the top part of the diagram. Triangle 3 in the bottom right quadrant, is a reflection in the y = x-axis. This mirror line is also shown as a heavy dashed line. Note the two mirror lines would normally go from one edge of the graph to the other, in this diagram the mirror lines have been shortened to prevent tactile confusion.
Distance-time graph (Large Print)
by Rnib BookshareThis page shows a graph of distance plotted against time. There is a locator dot shown, which will be at the top left of the page when the image is the right way up. A background grid of light vertical and horizontal lines covers most of the page. To the far left is a vertical scale, the y-axis, which is marked in divisions of 50 metres going up the page from 0 to 400. At the bottom of the page is a horizontal scale, the x-axis, which is divided into intervals of ten seconds going from 0 on the left to 70 on the right of the page. There is a heavy line starting at the bottom left of the grid where zero is marked that slopes up to the right. It is horizontal between 30 and 50 seconds and then slopes up again. To the far right of the page is a vertical line showing distance travelled and below this, to the left, is a line showing time taken for this section of the graph line. Up and to the left of centre of the page there is the equation: speed = y/x. In the equation 'x' refers to the time (on the x-axis, going left to right) taken to travel a distance and 'y' (on the y-axis, going bottom to top) to the distance travelled in that time.
Cone and Net of a cone (Large Print)
by Rnib BookshareThere are two images on this A4 sheet: a cone, and a net of a cone. You can cut along the fine vertical line down the centre of the A4 sheet, to make two A5 pages with an image on each. There will be a locator dot shown at the top left of each A5 page when it is the correct way up. Cone - The image of a cone is on the left of the sheet. It shows the 3D shape of a cone in perspective so that both the side and top faces of the cone can be found. The circular shape of the top of the cone has been distorted in this image so that it appears to be an ellipse (oval). The cones one curved side face is down the page. From the top of the cone, the shape tapers down to a point at the bottom of the page. Each of the faces shown has a different texture (or different shade of yellow in the Large Print image) The faces have been numbered to correspond with the faces on the net of a cone. Net of a cone - The net of a cone is on the right of the sheet. It is a flat (2D) image of its faces, arranged so that they can be folded together to make the solid 3D shape of the cone. The circular top face of the cone is at the top of the image. Down the page from this is the side face of the cone. To make the 3D shape, the left and right edges of the side face are bent round to meet each other and the circular top is folded down to meet the top of the side face.
Cone and Net of a cone (UEB Contracted)
by Rnib BookshareThere are two images on this A4 sheet: a cone, and a net of a cone. You can cut along the fine vertical line down the centre of the A4 sheet, to make two A5 pages with an image on each. There will be a locator dot shown at the top left of each A5 page when it is the correct way up. Cone - The image of a cone is on the left of the sheet. It shows the 3D shape of a cone in perspective so that both the side and top faces of the cone can be found. The circular shape of the top of the cone has been distorted in this image so that it appears to be an ellipse (oval). The cones one curved side face is down the page. From the top of the cone, the shape tapers down to a point at the bottom of the page. Each of the faces shown has a different texture (or different shade of yellow in the Large Print image) The faces have been numbered to correspond with the faces on the net of a cone. Net of a cone - The net of a cone is on the right of the sheet. It is a flat (2D) image of its faces, arranged so that they can be folded together to make the solid 3D shape of the cone. The circular top face of the cone is at the top of the image. Down the page from this is the side face of the cone. To make the 3D shape, the left and right edges of the side face are bent round to meet each other and the circular top is folded down to meet the top of the side face.
Cone and Net of a cone (UEB Uncontracted)
by Rnib BookshareThere are two images on this A4 sheet: a cone, and a net of a cone. You can cut along the fine vertical line down the centre of the A4 sheet, to make two A5 pages with an image on each. There will be a locator dot shown at the top left of each A5 page when it is the correct way up. Cone - The image of a cone is on the left of the sheet. It shows the 3D shape of a cone in perspective so that both the side and top faces of the cone can be found. The circular shape of the top of the cone has been distorted in this image so that it appears to be an ellipse (oval). The cones one curved side face is down the page. From the top of the cone, the shape tapers down to a point at the bottom of the page. Each of the faces shown has a different texture (or different shade of yellow in the Large Print image) The faces have been numbered to correspond with the faces on the net of a cone. Net of a cone - The net of a cone is on the right of the sheet. It is a flat (2D) image of its faces, arranged so that they can be folded together to make the solid 3D shape of the cone. The circular top face of the cone is at the top of the image. Down the page from this is the side face of the cone. To make the 3D shape, the left and right edges of the side face are bent round to meet each other and the circular top is folded down to meet the top of the side face.
Cube and net of a cube (large print)
by RnibHere are two images: a cube, and a net of a cube. Cut along the fine vertical line down the centre of the A4 sheet, to make two A5 pages with an image on each. There will be a locator dot shown at the top left of each A5 page when it is the correct way up.Cube - The image of a cube is on the left of the sheet. It shows the 3D shape of a cube in perspective so that two of the side faces and the top face of the cube can be found. All the six faces of a cube are square but the three shown in this image are distorted. Each of the faces shown has a different texture (or different shade of blue in the Large Print image). The three faces shown have been numbered to correspond to the numbered faces on the net of a cube.Net of a cube - The net of a cube is on the right of the sheet. It is a flat (2D) image of its faces, arranged so that they can be folded together to make the solid 3D shape of the cube.To make the 3D shape, the 2D shape should be folded along the dashed lines between the squares so that all of the edges meet.A cubes net can be made with other arrangements of six equally sized squares.
Cube and net of a cube (UEB contracted)
by RnibHere are two images: a cube, and a net of a cube. Cut along the fine vertical line down the centre of the A4 sheet, to make two A5 pages with an image on each. There will be a locator dot shown at the top left of each A5 page when it is the correct way up.Cube - The image of a cube is on the left of the sheet. It shows the 3D shape of a cube in perspective so that two of the side faces and the top face of the cube can be found. All the six faces of a cube are square but the three shown in this image are distorted. Each of the faces shown has a different texture (or different shade of blue in the Large Print image). The three faces shown have been numbered to correspond to the numbered faces on the net of a cube.Net of a cube - The net of a cube is on the right of the sheet. It is a flat (2D) image of its faces, arranged so that they can be folded together to make the solid 3D shape of the cube.To make the 3D shape, the 2D shape should be folded along the dashed lines between the squares so that all of the edges meet.A cubes net can be made with other arrangements of six equally sized squares.