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مفاتيح النجاح في الجامعة

புதிய தமிழ் இலக்கிய வரலாறு

الموطأ

حَدَّثَنِي يَحْيَى، عَنْ مَالِكٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ حَزْمٍ، أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ عُرْوَةَ بْنَ الزُّبَيْرِ، يَقُولُ دَخَلْتُ عَلَى مَرْوَانَ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ فَتَذَاكَرْنَا مَا يَكُونُ مِنْهُ الْوُضُوءُ فَقَالَ مَرْوَانُ وَمِنْ مَسِّ الذَّكَرِ الْوُضُوءُ ‏.‏ فَقَالَ عُرْوَةُ مَا عَلِمْتُ هَذَا ‏.‏ فَقَالَ مَرْوَانُ بْنُ الْحَكَمِ أَخْبَرَتْنِي بُسْرَةُ بِنْتُ صَفْوَانَ أَنَّهَا سَمِعَتْ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَقُولُ ‏"‏ إِذَا مَسَّ أَحَدُكُمْ ذَكَرَهُ فَلْيَتَوَضَّأْ ‏"‏ ‏.‏ وَحَدَّثَنِي عَنْ مَالِكٍ، عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ، عَنْ مُصْعَبِ بْنِ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ كُنْتُ أُمْسِكُ الْمُصْحَفَ عَلَى سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ فَاحْتَكَكْتُ فَقَالَ سَعْدٌ لَعَلَّكَ مَسِسْتَ ذَكَرَكَ قَالَ فَقُلْتُ نَعَمْ ‏.‏ فَقَالَ قُمْ فَتَوَضَّأْ فَقُمْتُ فَتَوَضَّأْتُ ثُمَّ رَجَعْتُ ‏.‏ وَحَدَّثَنِي عَنْ مَالِكٍ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، أَنَّ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ، كَانَ يَقُولُ إِذَا مَسَّ أَحَدُكُمْ ذَكَرَهُ فَقَدْ وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ الْوُضُوءُ ‏.‏ وَحَدَّثَنِي عَنْ مَالِكٍ، عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، أَنَّهُ كَانَ يَقُولُ مَنْ مَسَّ ذَكَرَهُ فَقَدْ وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ الْوُضُوءُ ‏.‏ وَحَدَّثَنِي عَنْ مَالِكٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، عَنْ سَالِمِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ رَأَيْتُ أَبِي عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ يَغْتَسِلُ ثُمَّ يَتَوَضَّأُ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ يَا أَبَتِ أَمَا يَجْزِيكَ الْغُسْلُ مِنَ الْوُضُوءِ قَالَ بَلَى وَلَكِنِّي أَحْيَانًا أَمَسُّ ذَكَرِي فَأَتَوَضَّأُ ‏.‏ وَحَدَّثَنِي عَنْ مَالِكٍ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، عَنْ سَالِمِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ كُنْتُ مَعَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ فِي سَفَرٍ فَرَأَيْتُهُ بَعْدَ أَنْ طَلَعَتِ الشَّمْسُ تَوَضَّأَ ثُمَّ صَلَّى قَالَ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ إِنَّ هَذِهِ لَصَلاَةٌ مَا كُنْتَ تُصَلِّيهَا ‏.‏ قَالَ إِنِّي بَعْدَ أَنْ تَوَضَّأْتُ لِصَلاَةِ الصُّبْحِ مَسِسْتُ فَرْجِي ثُمَّ نَسِيتُ أَنْ أَتَوَضَّأَ فَتَوَضَّأْتُ وَعُدْتُ لِصَلاَتِي ‏.‏

بداية الهداية

اعلم أن أوامر الله تعالى فرائض ونوافل ، فالفرض: رأس المال وهو أصل التجارة وبه تحصل النجاة ، والنفل: هو الربح وبه الفوز بالدرجات قال صلى الله عليه وسلم: (يقول الله تبارك وتعالى: ما تقرب إلي المتقربون بمثل أداء ما افترضت عليهم ، ولا يزال العبد يتقرب إلى بالنوافل حتى أحبه ، فإذا أحببته كنت سمعه الذي يسمع به ، وبصره الذي يبصر به ، ولسانه الذي ينطق به ، يده التي يبطش بها ، ورجله التي يمشي عليها) ، ولن تصل أيها الطالب إلى القيام بأوامر الله تعالى إلا بمراقبة قلبك وجوارحك في لحظاتك وأنفاسك حين تصبح إلى حين تمسى. فاعلم أن الله تعالى مطلع على ضميرك ، ومشرف على ظاهرك وباطنك ومحيط بجميع لحظاتك وخطراتك وخطواتك ، وسائر سكناتك وحركاتك ، وأنك في مخالطتك وخلواتك متردد بين يديه فلا يسكن في الملك والملكوت ساكن ، ولا يتحرك متحرك إلا وجبار السموات والأرض مطلع عليه يعلم خائنة الأعين وما تخفي الصدور ويعلم السر وأخفى. فتأدب أيها المسكين ظاهرا وباطنا بين يدي الله تعالى تأدب العبد الذليل المذنب في حضرة الملك الجبار القهار ، واجتهد ألا يراك مولاك حيث نهاك ولا يفقدك حيث أمرك ، ولن تقدر على ذلك إلا بأن توزع أوقاتك وترتب أورادك من صباحك إلى مسائك. فاصغ إلى ما يلقى إليك من أوامر الله تعالى عليك من حين تستيقظ من منامك إلى وقت رجوعك إلى مضجعك.

الأخلاق والسير في مداواة النفوس

قد جمعت في كتابي هذا معان كثيرة أفادنيها واهب التمييز تعالى بمرور الأيام وتعاقب الأحوال بما منحني عز وجل من التهمم بتصاريف الزمان والإشراف على أحواله حتى أنفقت في ذلك أكثر عمري وآثرت تقييد ذلك بالمطالعة له والفكرة فيه على جميع اللذات التي تميل إليها أكثر النفوس وعلى الازدياد من فضول المال ورقمت كل ما سبرت من ذلك بهذا الكتاب لينفع الله تعالى به من شاء من عباده ممن يصل إليه ما أتعبت فيه نفسي واجهدتها فيه واطلت فيه فكري فيأخذه عفوا وأهديته إليه هنيئا فيكون ذلك أفضل له من كنوز المال وعقد الأملاك إذا تدبره ويسره الله تعلي لاستعماله. وانا راج في ذلك من الله تعالي أعظم الأجر لنيتي في نفع عباده وإصلاح ما فسد من أخلاقهم ومداواة علل نفوسهم وبالله تعالى استعين وحسبنا الله ونعم الوكيل

أخصر المختصرات في الفقه الحنبلي

اَلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ اَلْمُفَقِّهِ مَنْ شَاءَ مِنْ خَلْقِهِ فِي اَلدِّينِ , وَالصَّلاةُ وَالسَّلامُ عَلَى نَبِيِّنَا مُحَمَّدٍ الامين اَلْمُؤَيَّدِ بِكِتَابِهِ اَلْمُبِينِ  ,اَلْمُتَمَسِّكِ بِحَبْلِهِ اَلْمَتِينِ وَعَلَى أَهْلِهِ وَصَحْبِهِ أَجْمَعِينَ. وَبَعْدُ: فَقَدْ سَنَحَ بِخَلَدِي أَنْ أَخْتَصِرَ كِتَابِي اَلْمُسَمَّى بِـ"كَافِي اَلْمُبْتَدِي" اَلْكَائِنَ فِي فِقْهِ اَلامَامِ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ حَنْبَلٍ اَلصَّابِرِ لِحُكْمِ اَلْمَلِكِ اَلْمُبْدِي ; لِيَقْرُبَ تَنَاوُلُهُ عَلَى اَلْمُبْتَدِئِينَ , وَيَسْهُلَ حِفْظُهُ عَلَى اَلرَّاغِبِينَ , وَيَقِلَّ حَجْمُهُ عَلَى اَلطَّالِبِينَ , وَسَمَّيْتُهُ "أَخْصَرَ اَلْمُخْتَصَرَاتِ" ; لانِّي لَمْ أَقِفْ عَلَى أَخْصَرَ مِنْهُ جَامِعٍ لِمَسَائِلِهِ فِي فِقْهِنَا مِنَ اَلْمُؤَلَّفَاتِ , وَاَللَّهَ أَسْأَلُ أَنْ يَنْفَعَ قَارِئِيهِ وَحَافِظِيهِ وَنَاظِرِيهِ إِنَّهُ جَدِيرٌ بِإِجَابَةِ اَلدَّعَوَاتِ , وَأَنْ يَجْعَلَهُ خَالِصًا لِوَجْهِهِ اَلْكَرِيمِ , مُقَرِّبًا إِلَيْهِ فِي جَنَّاتِ اَلنَّعِيمِ , وَمَا تَوْفِيقِي وَاعْتِصَامِي إِلا بِاَللَّهِ , عَلَيْهِ تَوَكَّلْتُ وَإِلَيْهِ أُنِيبُ.

التبيـان في آداب حملة القرآن

إن الله سبحانه وتعالى من على هذه الأمة ـ زادها الله تعالى شرفا ـ بالدين الذي ارتضاه دين الإسلام، وأرسل إليها محمدا خير الأنام، عليه منه أفضل الصلاة والبركات السلام، وأكرمها بكتابه أفضل الكلام، وجمع فيه سبحانه وتعالى جميع ما يحتاج إليه من أخبار الأولين ولآخرين والمواعظ والأمثال والآداب وضروب الأحكام، والحجج القاطعات الظاهرات في الدلالة على وحدانيته وغير ذلك مما جاءت به رسله صلوات الله عليهم وسلامه الدامغات لأهل الإلحاد الضلال الطغام وضاعف الأجر في تلاوته وأمرنا بالاعتناء به والإعظام، وملازمة الآداب معه وبذل الوسع في الاحترام، وقد صنف في فضل تلاوته جماعة من الأوائل والأعلام كتبا معروفة عند أولي النهي والأحلام، لكن ضعفت الهمم عن حفظها، بل عن مطالعتها، فصار لا ينتفع بها إلا أفراد من أولي الإفهام، ورأيت أهل بلدتنا دمشق حماها الله تعالى وصانها وسائر بلاد الإسلام، مكثرين من الاعتناء بتلاوة القرآن العزيز تعلما وتعليما وعرضا ودراسة في جماعات وفرادى، مجتهدين في ذلك بالليالي والأيام، زادهم الله حرصا عليه وعلى جميع أنواع الطاعات مريدين وجه الله ذي الجلال والإكرام، فدعاني ذلك إلى جمع مختصر في آداب حملته وأوصاف حفاظه وطلبته، فقد أوجب الله سبحانه وتعالى النصح لكتابه، ومن النصيحة له بيان آداب حملته وطلابه وإرشادهم إليها وتنبيههم عليها، وأوثر فيه اختصار وأحاذر التطويل والإكثار، وأقتصر في كل باب في طرف من أطرافه، وأرمز من كل ضرب من آدابه إلى بعض أصنافه، فلذلك أكثر ما أذكره بحذف أسانيده. وإن كانت أسانيده بحمد الله عندي من الحاضرة العتيدة، فإن مقصودي التنبيه على أصل ذلك والإشارة بما أذكره إلى ما حذفته مما هنالك. والسبب في إيثار اختصاره إيثاري حفظه وكثرة الانتفاع به وانتشاره. ثم ما وقع من غريب الأسماء واللغات في الأبواب أفرده بالشرح والضبط الوجيز الواضح على ترتيب وقوعه في باب في آخر الكتاب ليكمل انتفاع صاحبه، ويزول الشك عن طالبه، ويندرج في ضمن ذلك وفي خلال الأبواب جمل من القواعد، ونفائس من مهمات الفوائد، وأبين الأحاديث الصحيحة والضعيفة مضافات إلى من رواها من الأئمة الأثبات. وقد ذهلوا عن نادر من ذلك في بعض الحالات. وأعلم أن العلماء من أهل الحديث وغيرهم جوزوا العمل بالضعيف في فضائل الأعمال، ومع هذا فإني أقتصر على الصحيح فلا أذكر الضعيف إلا في بعض الأحوال وعلى الله الكريم توكلي واعتمادي وإليه تفويضي واستنادي، وأسأله سلوك سبيل الرشاد والعصمة من أهل الزيغ والعناد، والدوام على ذلك وغيره من الخير في ازدياد، وأبتهل إليه سبحانه أن يهديني بحسن النيات، وييسر لي جميع أنواع الخيرات، ويعينني على أنواع المكرمات، ويديمني على ذلك حتى الممات، وأن يفعل ذلك كله بجميع أحبابي وسائر المسلمين والمسلمات، وحسبي الله ونعم الوكيل ولا حول ولا قوة إلا بالله العلي العظيم. ويشتمل هذا الكتاب على عشرة أبواب: الباب الأول: في أطراف من فضيلة تلاوة القرآن وحملته. الباب الثاني: في ترجيح القرآن والقارئ على غيرهما. الباب الثالث: في إكرام أهل القرآن والنهي عن أذاهم. الباب الرابع: في آداب حامل القرآن ومتعلمه. الباب الخامس: في آداب حامل القرآن. الباب السادس: في آداب القرآن وهو معظم الكتاب ومقصوده. الباب السابع: في آداب الناس كلهم مع القرآن. الباب الثامن: في الآيات والسور المستحبة في أوقات وأحوال مخصوصة. الباب التاسع: في كتابة القرآن وإكرام المصحف. الباب العشر: في ضبط ألفاظ هذا الكتاب.  

Location of International Business Activities: Integrating Ideas from Research in International Business, Strategic Management and Economic Geography (JIBS Special Collections)

In recent years an extensive range of new research has been revisiting the topic of the location of international business activities, from a variety of different perspectives and background interests. This work has been inspired in part by two apparently quite different but actually related contemporary trends: on the one hand, an emergence or revitalization of clusters of activities co-located in or around selected global city regions or fast growing metropolitan areas; and on the other hand, an increased global dispersion of activities conducted within the value chains managed or coordinated by many large multinational enterprises and their business partners. The former trend has given rise to discussions of how the elite of the cultural-cognitive economy of the 21st century (in Allen Scott's terminology) or the creative class (Richard Florida's term) are now being drawn or brought back to major urban centers; while the latter trend is associated with debates over outsourcing, and the economic and social consequences of shifts in the ownership and location of distinct nodes of value chains once production systems become more fragmented and the component parts of such systems become more geographically dispersed. An increased interest in the subject of international business location has been shown by scholars in Strategic Management, in Economic Geography, and in Regional Science, as well as in our own interdisciplinary field of International Business Studies. However, as is often the case in academic research communities, these bodies of scholarship have tended to develop at something of a distance from one another, each conversing internally more than they have with one another. Location of International Business Activities aims to promote a greater conversation between those interested in the topic of Location from various different backgrounds or starting points. The articles are taken from a special issue on the theme of the Multinational in Geographic Space which was published by The Journal of International Business Studies in 2013.

Geospatial Analysis with SQL: A hands-on guide to performing geospatial analysis by unlocking the syntax of spatial SQL

Leverage the power of SQL to perform geospatial analysis and increase your speed and efficiency working with a variety of spatial applications such as PostGIS and QGISKey FeaturesFollow along with actionable instructions with this practical guideBecome well-versed in advanced spatial modeling and machine learning techniquesLearn best practices for performing spatial analysis from an expert spatial data analystBook DescriptionGeospatial analysis is industry agnostic and a powerful tool for answering location questions. Combined with the power of SQL, developers and analysts worldwide rely on database integration to solve real-world spatial problems. This book introduces skills to help you detect and quantify patterns in datasets through data exploration, visualization, data engineering, and the application of analysis and spatial techniques. You will begin by exploring the fundamentals of geospatial analysis where you’ll learn about the importance of geospatial analysis and how location information enhances data exploration. Walter Tobler’s second law of geography states, “the phenomenon external to a geographic area of interest affects what goes on inside.” This quote will be the framework of the geospatial questions we will explore. You’ll then observe the framework of geospatial analysis using SQL while learning to create spatial databases and SQL queries and functions. By the end of this book, you will have an expanded toolbox of analytic skills such as PostGIS and QGIS to explore data questions and analysis of spatial information.What you will learnUnderstand geospatial fundamentals as a basis for learning spatial SQLGenerate point, line, and polygon data with SQLUse spatial data types to abstract and encapsulate spatial structuresWork with open source GIS combined with plug-insVisualize spatial data and expand QGIS functionality with PostgresApply location data to leverage spatial analyticsPerform single-layer and multiple-layer spatial analysesWho this book is forThis book is for anyone looking to leverage their SQL knowledge to perform geospatial analysis. GIS analysts, data analysts, and data scientists with a basic understanding of both geospatial analysis and SQL will find this book useful.

Coated Grains

Coated grains have always attracted attention, at first of naturalists, and later of geologists, and the interest in these peculiar bodies was re­ lated both to their intriguing form and their significance in facies inter­ pretation and sedimentology and to their relevance to accumulations of hydrocarbons and other mineral deposits. This resulted in numerous publications on this subject, and the intention of this volume is to sum­ marize the present state of knowledge on coated grains. The idea of the book was to unite some general papers with papers reporting case studies of both recent and ancient coated grains. The organization of the book follows this intention. The papers presented in this volume have been invited by the editor; the theme of the book merits a few words of personal history. The development of studies of coated grains during the last two decades has not only resulted in a great increase in knowledge of recent and ancient environments of coated grain formation, but also numerous important and controversial questions of classification, environmental significance, mineralogical composition etc. of ancient coated grains have arisen. To answer these questions, in 1978 I started the study of many ancient and recent occurrences of coated grains at the Institut fUr Geologie, Ruhr-UniversiUH Bochum, following the invitation of Hans Fiichtbauer and sponsored by the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung.

Diversity and Interaction in a Temperate Forest Community: Ogawa Forest Reserve of Japan (Ecological Studies #158)

The studies in the Ogawa Forest Reserve (OPR) were initiated by a group of plant ecologists and gradually expanded into a comprehensive project covering various aspects of biology, soil science, and silviculture. The project was integrated as part of the Forest Ecosystem Team under the BIO-COSMOS Program funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. As the coordinators of the Forest Ecosystem Team, we are pleased that reports of the long-term studies carried out in the OFR are being published in this first volume on Japanese ecosystems in the Ecological Studies series. Scientists and researchers have made numerous contributions to the field of forest ecology during more than 10 years of studies in the OFR. Two reasons can be cited for the success of the project: scientists from various disciplines concen­ trated on a single target forest ecosystem, and the research continued over a rela­ tively long term. It is now recognized that ecological processes include compli­ cated mechanisms supported by interactions among organisms and large temporal variations. The researchers in the OFR project were motivated by their interest in the history of ecosystems and the interactions of diverse creatures in the forest.

Employment Impacts of Cleaner Production (ZEW Economic Studies #21)

An empirical analysis of the factors that determine the employment impact of environmental innovations. The multivariate estimations are based on a methodology taking direct and indirect employment effects on the firm level into account. The data are derived from interviews with more than 1500 firms in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the UK specifically conducted for this analysis. In addition to the empirical study based on interviews, case studies from five selected business sectors are used to provide profound insight in the environmental innovation behaviour of the firms.

Small Firms and Entrepreneurship in Central and Eastern Europe: A Socio-Economic Perspective (Technology, Innovation and Policy (ISI) #14)

Much of the research on transformation/transition in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) focuses on macroeconomic issues (inflation, economic growth, employment ...). Little research has been devoted so far to microeconomic analysis. Recently the issue of new enterprises and firm founders has moved to the centre of economic and policy considerations. Readers of this book will learn about the role played by these firms in the transformation of central and eastern European countries. The book also includes contributions from Central and Eastern Europe on which little or no investigation has been performed until now (Yugoslavia, Romania, Slovakia).

Geology of the Northwest African Continental Margin

Prion Diseases: Diagnosis and Pathogenesis (Archives of Virology. Supplementa #16)

The overwhelming interest and the participation of more than 500 scientists from 26 countries made this symposium the largest meeting ever held in the field. In this book twenty-six invited speakers comprehensively present their data on the pathogenesis of prion diseases in humans and animals, on molecular mechanisms involved in the transmissibility across species barriers, on animal and in-vitro models currently available for the detection and quantification of infectivity and on the characterization of prion strains.

Real and Financial Economic Dynamics in Russia and Eastern Europe

Russia and many other transition countries are now facing the challenges of opening up, restructuring, and modernizing their economies, which requires addressing numerous institutional weaknesses and supply-side distortions. From a regional perspective, drawing on the experience of other reforming countries, the papers examine these issues. Aspects addressed include the implications of trade and capital flows, the process of labor market reform, financial market development, productivitiy growth, and innovation dynamics. The dynamics of the reform process are also studied in the context of new political economy models.

Modern Methods of Drug Discovery (Experientia Supplementum #93)

Research in the pharmaceutical industry today is in many respects quite different from what it used to be only fifteen years ago. There have been dramatic changes in approaches for identifying new chemical entities with a desired biological activity. While chemical modification of existing leads was the most important approach in the 1970s and 1980s, high-throughput screening and structure-based design are now major players among a multitude of methods used in drug discov­ ery. Quite often, companies favor one of these relatively new approaches over the other, e.g., screening over rational design, or vice versa, but we believe that an intelligent and concerted use of several or all methods currently available to drug discovery will be more successful in the medium term. What has changed most significantly in the past few years is the time available for identifying new chemical entities. Because of the high costs of drug discovery projects, pressure for maximum success in the shortest possible time is higher than ever. In addition, the multidisciplinary character of the field is much more pronounced today than it used to be. As a consequence, researchers and project managers in the pharmaceutical industry should have a solid knowledge of the more important methods available to drug discovery, because it is the rapidly and intelligently combined use of these which will determine the success or failure of preclinical projects.

Region and State in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Nation-Building, Regional Identities and Separatism

In reaction to the centralizing nation-building efforts of states in nineteenth-century Europe, many regions began to define their own identity. In thirteen stimulating essays, specialists analyze why regional identities became widely celebrated towards the end of that century and why some considered themselves part of the new national self-image.

The Gamificationof Citizens’Participationin Policymaking

The Gamificationof Citizens’Participationin Policymaking

Wine and War: The French, The Nazis, And The Battle For France's Greatest Treasure

In the vineyards, wine caves, and cellars of France as war and occupation came to the country winemakers acted heroically not only to save the best wines but to defend their way of life.These are the true stories of vignerons who sheltered Jewish refugees in their cellars and of winemakers who risked their lives to aid the resistance. They made chemicals in secret laboratories to fuel the resistance and fled from the Gestapo when arrests became imminent.There were treacheries too, as some of the nation's winemakers supported the Vichy regime or the Germans themselves and collaborated.Donald Kladstrup is a retired American network correspondent. He and his wife Petie have accumulated these fascinating stories, told with the pace and action that will fascinate fiction and non-fiction readers alike.

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Regulation

This volume contains selected papers presented at the Sendai International Sympo­ sium on Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Regulation held from May 10-12, 1995, to honor the contributions ofProfessorNorio Taira, Chairman of the Department of Pharmacology (1972-1995), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. The Department of Pharmacology at Sendai has a long tradition of significant contribution to the development of drug therapy for cardiovascular diseases. The late Professor Koroku Hashimoto, the predecessor of Professor Norio Taira, first suggested the mode of action of calcium antagonists and their potential usefulness in therapy of ischemic heart disease and hypertension at an early stage of their development. The need for greater understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular dis­ eases is more critical now than ever before because modern advances in basic and clinical sciences have prolonged the average life expectancy. Using a wide range of molecular and electrophysiological techniques, major advances are occurring frequently in the field of cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology. Such multifaceted approaches are preferred because human cardiovascular diseases are complex, requiring multiple interventions and an in-depth understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. The first section of this book focuses on molecular mechanisms of ion channel regulation. Eight of ten chapters in this section are devoted to the recent advances in molecular characterization and regulation of various types of potassium channels in cardiac, vascular, and neuronal tissues. A discussion of the structure and function of sodium and calcium channels is also included.

Routledge Handbook on Immigration and Crime: I Am The Boat Captain Hat 1st Rule Ship Captains Is Never Wrong 2nd Rule Notebook - Funny Boating Sail Love Doodle Diary Book As Gift For Boats Yacht Owners Sailor Who Sails And Ships Sailors Who Loves Sailing! (Routledge International Handbooks)

The perception of the immigrant as criminal or deviant has a long history in the United States, with many groups (e.g., Irish, Italians, Latinos) having been associated with perceived increases in crime and other social problems, although data suggest this is not necessarily the case. This Handbook examines the relationship between immigration and crime by presenting chapters reflecting key issues from both historical and current perspectives. The volume includes a range of topics related to immigration and crime, such as the links between immigration rates and crime rates, nativity and crime, and the social construction of the criminal immigrant, as well as historical and current immigration policy vis-à-vis perceptions of the criminal immigrant. Other topics covered in this volume include theoretical perspectives on immigration and assimilation, sanctuary cities, and immigration in the context of the "war on terror." The Routledge Handbook on Immigration and Crime fills the gap in the literature by offering a volume that includes original empirical work as well as review essays that deliver a complete overview of immigration and crime relying on both historical and contemporary perspectives. It is a key collection for students in immigration courses; scholars and researchers in diverse disciplines including criminal justice, criminology, sociology, demography, law, psychology, and urban studies; and policy makers dealing with immigration and border security concerns.

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